Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder. The limitations of current treatments for schizophrenia have led to an ongoing search for new drug targets. The observations that subjects with schizophrenia have impaired thermoregulation, are less sensitive to pain than normal subjects, and exhibit reduced niacin flare responses suggested that TRPV1 channels, and possibly also other temperature-sensitive TRPs that are co-expressed with TRPV1 on sensory neurons, might be linked with schizophrenia. In order to model deficit in function of TRP channels in animals, capsaicin treatment of neonatal rats was used to induce lifelong loss of a high proportion of primary afferent neurons that co-express TRPV1 and related TRP channels. The methods used to test the proposal that TRPV1 deficit induces brain and behavioral changes expected in an animal model of schizophrenia are described.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Prasad KM, Talkowski ME, Chowdari KV, McClain L, Yolken RH, Nimgaonkar VL (2010) Candidate genes and their interactions with other genetic/environmental risk factors in the etiology of schizophrenia. Brain Res Bull 83:86–92
Jaaro-Peled H, Hayashi-Takagi A, Seshadri S, Kamiya A, Brandon NJ, Sawa A (2009) Neurodevelopmental mechanisms of schizophrenia: understanding disturbed postnatal brain maturation through neuregulin-1 – ErbB4 and DISC1. Trends Neurosci 32:485–495
Bertolino A, Blasi G (2009) The genetics of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 164:288–299
Schwab SG, Wildenauer DB (2009) Update on key previously proposed candidate genes for schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 22:147–153
Mei L, Xiong WC (2008) Neuregulin 1 in neural development, synaptic plasticity and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:437–452
Harrison PJ (2007) Schizophrenia susceptibility genes and neurodevelopment. Biol Psychiatry 61:1119–1120
O’Tuathaigh CMP, Babovic D, O’Meara G, Clifford JJ, Croke DT, Waddington JL (2007) Susceptibility genes for schizophrenia: characterization of mutant mouse models at the level of phenotypic behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:60–78
Chen J, Lipska BK, Weinberger DR (2006) Genetic mouse models of schizophrenia: from hypothesis-based to susceptibility gene-based models. Biol Psychiatry 59:1180–1188
Ross CA, Margolis RL, Reading SAJ, Pletnikov M, Coyle JT (2006) Neurobiology of schizophrenia. Neuron 52:139–153
Stefansson H, Sigurdsson E, Steinthorsdottir V, Bjornsdottir S, Sigmundsson T, Ghosh S, Brynjolfsson J, Gunnarsdottir S, Ivarsson O, Chou TT, Hjaltason O, Birgisdottir B, Jonsson H, Gudnadottir VG, Gudmundsdottir E, Bjornsson A, Ingvarsson B, Ingason A, Sigfusson S, Hardardottir H, Harvey RP, Lai D, Zhou M, Brunner D, Mutel V, Gonzalo A, Lemke G, Sainz J, Johannesson G, Andresson T, Gudbjartsson D, Manolescu A, Frigge ML, Gurney ME, Kong A, Gulcher JR, Petursson H, Stefansson K (2002) Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 71:877–892
Li D, Collier DA, He L (2006) Meta-analysis shows strong positive association of the neuregulin 1 (NRG1) gene with schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 15:1995–2002
Munafò MR, Thiselton DL, Clark TG, Flint J (2006) Association of the NRG1 gene and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 11:539–546
Munafò MR, Attwood AS, Flint J (2008) Neuregulin 1 genotype and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull 34:9–12
Schlaepfer TE, Harris GJ, Tien AY, Peng LW, Lee S, Federman EB, Chase GA, Barta PE, Pearlson GD (1994) Decreased regional cortical gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151:842–848
Selemon LD, Kleinman JE, Herman MM, Goldman-Rakic PS (2002) Smaller frontal gray matter volume in post-mortem schizophrenic brains. Am J Psychiatry 159:1983–1991
McDonald C, Grech A, Toulopoulou T, Schulze K, Chapple B, Sham P, Walshe M, Sharma T, Sigmundsson T, Chintis X, Murray RM (2002) Brain volumes in familial and non-familial schizophrenic probands and their unaffected relatives. Am J Med Genet (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 114:616–625
Shenton ME, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Pollak SD, Lemay M, Wible CG, Hokama H, Martin J, Metcalf D, Coleman M, McCarley RW (1992) Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. N Engl J Med 327:604–612
McCarley RW, Wilbe CG, Frumin M, Hirayasu Y, Levitt JJ, Fischer IA, Shenton ME (1999) MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 45:1099–1119
Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman-Rakic PS (1995) Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex. A morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:805–820
Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman-Rakic PS (1998) Elevated neuronal density in prefrontal area 46 in brains from schizophrenic patients: application of a 3-dimensional, stereologic counting method. J Comp Neurol 392:402–412
Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS (1999) The reduced neuropil hypothesis: a circuit based model of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 45:17–25
Kauer JA, Gibson HE (2009) Hot flash: TRPV channels in the brain. Trends Neurosci 32:215–224
Chahl LA (2010) TRP Channels in the brain: psychiatric disorders. In: Szallasi A (ed) TRP Channels in Health and Disease: Implications for Diagnosis and Tharapy. Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, pp 393–413
Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, Rosen TA, Levine JD, Julius D (1997) The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature 389:816–824
Tominaga M, Caterina MJ, Malmberg AB, Rosen TA, Gilbert H, Skinner K, Raumann BE, Basbaum AI, Julius D (1998) The cloned capsaicin receptor integrates multiple pain-producing stimuli. Neuron 21:531–543
Tominaga M, Tominaga T (2005) Structure and function of TRPV1. Pflugers Archiv Eur J Physiol 451:143–150
Szallasi A, Cortright DN, Blum CA, Eid SR (2007) The vanilloid receptor TRPV1: 10 years from channel cloning to antagonist proof-of-concept. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6:357–372
Hermesh H, Shiloh R, Epstein Y, Manaim H, Weizman A, Munitz H (2000) Heat intolerance in patients with chronic schizophrenia maintained with antipsychotic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 157:1327–1329
Chong TWH, Castle DJ (2004) Layer upon layer: thermoregulation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res 69:149–157
Shiloh R, Weizman A, Epstein Y, Rosenberg SL, Valevski A, Dorfman-Etrog P, Wiezer N, Katz N, Munitz H, Hermesh H (2001) Abnormal thermoregulation in drug-free male schizophrenia patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 11:285–288
Kudoh A, Ishihara H, Matsuki A (2000) Current perception thresholds and postoperative pain in schizophrenic patients. Regional Anaesth Pain Med 25:475–479
Blumensohn R, Ringler D, Eli I (2002) Pain perception in patients with schizophrenia. J Nerv Mental Dis 190:481–483
Hooley JM, Delgado ML (2001) Pain insensitivity in the relatives of schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Res 47:265–273
Bonnot O, Anderson GM, Cohen D, Willer JC, Tordjman S (2009) Are patients with schizophrenia insensitive to pain? A reconsideration of the question. Clin J Pain 25:244–252
Potvin S, Marchand S (2008) Hypoalgesia in schizophrenia is independent of antipsychotic drugs: a systematic quantitative review of experimental studies. Pain 138:70–78
Waldo MC (1999) Co-distribution of sensory gating and impaired niacin flush response in the parents of schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Res 40:49–53
Messamore E, Hoffman WE, Janowsky A (2003) The niacin skin flush abnormality in schizophrenia: a quantitative dose-response study. Schizophrenia Res 62:251–258
Szolcsanyi J (2004) Forty years in capsaicin research for sensory pharmacology and physiology. Neuropeptides 38:377–384
Gavva NR (2008) Body-temperature maintenance as the predominant function of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1. Trends Pharmacol Sci 29:550–557
Szallasi A, Blumberg PM (1999) Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors and mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 51:159–211
Holzer P (1991) Capsaicin: cellular targets, mechanisms of action, and selectivity for thin sensory neurons. Pharmacol Rev 43:143–201
Sadaka Y, Weinfeld E, Lev DL, White EL (2003) Changes in mouse barrel synapses consequent to sensory deprivation from birth. J Comp Neurol 457:75–86
Degenhardt L, Hall W (2006) Is cannabis use a contributory cause of psychosis? Canad J Psychiatry 51:556–565
Laviolette SR, Grace AA (2006) The roles of cannabinoid and dopamine receptor systems in neural emotional learning circuits: implications for schizophrenia and addiction. Cell Mol Life Sci 63:1597–1613
Sundram S (2006) Cannabis and neurodevelopment: implications for psychiatric disorders. Hum Psychopharmacol 21:245–254
Malone DT, Hill MN, Rubino T (2010) Adolescent cannabis use and psychosis: epidemiology and neurodevelopmental models. Br J Pharmacol 160:511–522
Tseng KY, Chambers LA, Lipska BK (2009) Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion as a heuristic neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 204:295–305
Ayhan Y, Sawa A, Ross CA, Pletnikov MV (2009) Animal models of gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 204:274–281
Barak S, Weiner I (2011) Putative cognitive enhancers in preclinical models related to schizophrenia: the search for an elusive target. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 99:164–189
Jancsó G, Király E, Jancsó-Gábor A (1977) Pharmacologically induced selective degeneration of chemosensitive primary sensory neurons. Nature (London) 270:741–743
Newson P, Lynch-Frame A, Roach R, Bennett S, Carr V, Chahl LA (2005) Intrinsic sensory deprivation induced by neonatal capsaicin treatment induces changes in rat brain and behaviour of possible relevance to schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol 146:408–418
Zavitsanou K, Dalton VS, Wang H, Newson P, Chahl LA (2010) Receptor changes in brain tissue of rats treated as neonates with capsaicin. J Chem Neuroanat 39:248–255
Paxinos G, Watson C (1998) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 4th edn. Academic, San Diego, CA
Tolivia J, Tolivia D (1985) A new technique for differential and simultaneous staining of nerve cells and fibers. J Neurosci Methods 13:305–311
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Chahl, L.A. (2012). Investigation of the Possible Role of TRP Channels in Schizophrenia. In: Szallasi, A., Bíró, T. (eds) TRP Channels in Drug Discovery. Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-095-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-095-3_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-094-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-095-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols