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Seasonality and growth rings in lianas of Bignoniaceae

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Abstract

Lianas are one of the most important components of tropical forest, and yet one of the most poorly known organisms. Therefore, our paper addresses questions on the environmental and developmental aspects that influence the growth of lianas of Bignoniaceae, tribe Bignonieae. In order to better understand their growth, we studied the stem anatomy, seasonality of formation and differentiation of secondary tissues, and the influence of the cambial variant in xylem development on a selected species: Tynanthus cognatus. Afterwards, we compared the results found in T. cognatus with 31 other species of Bignonieae to identify general patterns of growth in lianas of this tribe. We found that cambial activity starts toward the end of the rainy season and onset of the dry season, in contrast to what is known for tropical trees and shrubs. Moreover, their pattern of xylem formation and differentiation is strongly influenced by the presence of massive wedges of phloem produced by a variant cambium. Thus, the variant cambium is the first to commence its activity and only subsequently does cambial activity progress towards the center of the regular region, leading to the formation of confluent growth rings. In summary, we conclude that: the cambium responds to environmental changes; the xylem growth rings are annual and produced in a brief period of about 2 months, something that may explain why lianas possess narrow stems; and furthermore, phloem wedges greatly influence cambial activity.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank ACF Barbosa for help with anatomical procedures; M. Groppo, A. Zuntini, M. Souza-Baena, M. Lopes, H. Lorenzi, D. Sampaio and D. Villaboel for collections in Brazil and Bolivia; an anonymous reviewer for helpful suggestions; the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, 07/51677-0), and the National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq, grant 481034/2007-2) for financial support.

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  1. Marcelo R. Pace

    Present address: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, 05588-090, Brazil

    André C. Lima, Marcelo R. Pace & Veronica Angyalossy

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Correspondence to André C. Lima.

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Communicated by R. Aloni.

Appendix: analyzed species

Appendix: analyzed species

Adenocalymma bracteatum (Cham.) DC., Castanho 153, Lohmann 861, Brazil, Amazonas. A. comosum (Cham.) DC., Pace 53, Brazil, São Paulo. A. divaricatum Miers, Udulutsch 2808, Brazil, Bahia. A. flaviflorum (Miq.) L.G. Lohmann, Sousa-Baena 2, Brazil, Espírito Santo. A. nodosum (Silva Manso) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 20, Brazil, Minas Gerais. A. salmoneum J.C. Gomes, Lohmann 658, Brazil Amazonas. Amphilophium crucigerum (L.) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 1, Pace 2, Pace 3, Pace 34, Brazil, São Paulo. A. elongatum (Vahl) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 45, Brazil, Plantarum’s living collection São Paulo. A. magnoliifolium (Kunth) L.G. Lohmann, Lohmann 851, Brazil, Amazonas; Dos Santos 272*, Brazil, Pará. A. paniculatum (L.) Kunth, Pace 46, Brazil, São Paulo. Bignonia binata Thunb, Galvanese 22, Brazil, Amazonas. B. campanulata Cham., Pace 39, Brazil, São Paulo. B. magnifica W. Bull, Pace 51, Brazil, Plantarum’s living collection São Paulo. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich.) K. Schum, Zuntini 175, Brazil, Espírito Santo; Pace 42, Plantarum’s living collection Brazil, São Paulo. Cuspidaria convoluta (Vell.) A.H. Gentry: Pace 48, Brazil, Plantarum’s living collection São Paulo. Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G. Lohmann, Ceccantini 2687, Brazil, Minas Gerais; Groppo 322, Brazil, São Paulo. Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 50, Brazil, São Paulo. F. platyphylla (Cham.) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 22, Pace 23, Brazil, Minas Gerais. F. samydoides (Cham.) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 49, Brazil, São Paulo. Lundia cordata (Vell.) DC.: Zuntini 1, Brazil, Espírito Santo. L. damazioi C. DC.: Pace 55, Pace 56, Brazil, São Paulo. L. virginalis Kraenzl: Zuntini 126. Manaosella cordifolia (DC.) A.H. Gentry, Pace 41, Brazil, Plantarum’s living collection São Paulo. Mansoa difficilis (Cham.) Bureau & K. Schum., Pace 35, Brazil, São Paulo; Zuntini 4, `Brazil, Espírito Santo. M. onohualcoides A.H. Gentry, Zuntini 276, Brazil, Espírito Santo. Perianthomega vellozoi Bureau: Pace 10, Pace 15, Brazil, Minas Gerais; Pace 28, Pace 29, Bolivia, Santa Cruz. Pleonotoma tetraquetra (Cham.) Bureau: Ozório-Filho 11, Brazil, São Paulo. Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers, Pace 17, Brazil, São Paulo; Pace 36, Brazil, São Paulo. Stizophyllum riparium (Kunth) Sandwith: Pace 16, Pace 33, Brazil, São Paulo; Zuntini 9, Brazil, Espírito Santo. Tanaecium bilabiatum (Sprague) L.G. Lohmann, Lohmann 850, Brazil, Amazonas. T. pyramidatum (Rich.) L.G. Lohmann, Pace 14, Pace 35, Brazil, São Paulo. T. cognatus (Cham.) Miers: Pace 9a, Pace 9b, Lima 2 Lima 3, Lima4, Lima 5, Lima 6, Lima 7, Brazil, São Paulo.

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Lima, A.C., Pace, M.R. & Angyalossy, V. Seasonality and growth rings in lianas of Bignoniaceae. Trees 24, 1045–1060 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-010-0476-z

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