Abstract
Federal regulation of wetlands begins with the U.S. Constitution. To justify the assertion of authority over privately owned wetlands, Congress must rely on an affirmative grant of authority enumerated in the Constitution. As we have seen, the Interstate Commerce Clause provides Congress (and thus the Corps and the EPA) the principal gateway to wetland regulation. The Constitution, however, also supplies a check on this federal authority through the Fifth Amendment’s prohibition on the governmental “taking” of private property without the payment of just compensation.
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Selected References and Further Reading
Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. (1987).Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual, Technical Report Y-87-1. Vicksburg, MS.
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U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2005b). “Wetlands Protection: Corps of Engineers Does Not Have an Effective Oversight Approach to Ensure That Compensatory Mitigation Is Occurring.” GAO-05-898.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2008).Principles of Federal Appropriations Law, 3rd ed., vol III. GAO-08-978SP.
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Chapter 3
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. (1979).Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Craig, R. (2009).The Clean Water Act and the Constitution. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Environmental Defense Fund and World Wildlife Fund. (1992).How Wet Is a Wetland? The Impacts of the Proposed Revisions to the Federal Wetlands Delineation Manual. Laurel, MD.
Feingold, R. (2007). “Restoring Federal Jurisdiction Over ‘Waters of the United States’.”National Wetlands Newsletter29:3, 3–4.
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Gonzales v. Raich. (2006). 545 U.S. 1 U.S. Supreme Court.
Hall, J.V., W.E. Frayer, and B.O. Wilen. (1994).Status of Alaska Wetlands. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Region.
KU.S.ler, J. (2004). “The SWANCC Decision: State Regulation of Wetlands to Fill the Gap.” Association of State Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.www.aswm.org/fwp/swancc/aswm-int.pdf.
Lewis, W. (2001).Wetlands Explained. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
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Rapanos v. U.S.. (2006). 547 U.S. 715 U.S. Supreme Court.
Robertson, M.M. (2004). “Drawing Lines in Water: Entrepreneurial Wetland Mitigation Banking and the Search for Ecosystem Service Markets.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin.
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers(2001) 531 U.S. 159 U.S. Supreme Court.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. (1987).Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual, Technical Report Y-87-1. Vicksburg, MS.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of the Army. (2008). “Clean Water Act Jurisdiction Following the U.S. Supreme Court’s Decision inRapanos v. United States & Carabell v. United States.” Washington, D.C.
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Wroth, K., ed. (2007).The Supreme Court and the Clean Water Act: Five Essays. Roy-alton, VT: Vermont Law School’s Land Use Institute.
Chapter 4
Avoyelles Sportsmen’s League, Inc. v. Marsh. (1983). 715 F.2d 897 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
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Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council. (2009). 129 S.Ct. 2458 U.S. Supreme Court.
Copland, C. (2009). “Controversies over Redefining ‘Fill Material’ Under the Clean Water Act.” Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
FU.S.chino, J. (2007). “Mountaintop Coal Mining and the Clean Water Act: The Fight over Nationwide Permit 21.”Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review34, 179–206.
Gardner, R.C. (1998). “Casting Aside the Tulloch Rule.”National Wetlands Newsletter20:5, 5–6, 24.
National Mining Association v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1998). 145 F.3d 1399 U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit.
Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition v. Aracoma Coal Co. (2009). 556 F.3d 177 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
Richardson, C.J. (1983). “Pocosins: Vanishing Wastelands or Valuable Wetlands?”BioScience33:10, 626–633.
Taylor, W.E. and K.L. Geoffrey. (2005). “General and Nationwide Permits,” in K.D. Connolly et al., eds.,Wetlands Law and Policy: Understanding Section 404, pp151–190. Chicago: American Bar Association.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1984).Agricultural Conversion: Fifth Circuit Decision in Avoyelles vs Marsh. RGL 84-05.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2010). “Nationwide Permits Information.”www.usace.army.mil/cecw/pages/nw_permits.aspx.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2005).Mountaintop Mining/Valley Fills in Appalachia, Final Programmatic Impact Statement. Philadelphia, PA.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2010a). “Further Revisions to the Clean Water Act Regulatory Definition of Discharge of Dredged Material.”http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/lawsguidance/cwa/dredging/2001rule.cfm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2010b). “Mid-Atlantic Mountaintop Mining.”www.epa.gov/region3/mtntop/.
Chapter 5
Bersani v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1988). 850 F.2d 36 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
Blumm, M.C., and D.B. Zaleha. (1989). “Federal Wetlands Protection under the Clean Water Act: Regulatory Ambivalence, Intergovernmental Tension, and a Call for Reform.”University of Colorado Law Review60, 695–772.
Fund for Animals v. Rice. (1996). 85 F.3d 535 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
Gardner, R.C. (1990). “The Army-EPA Mitigation Agreement: No Retreat from Wetlands Protection.”Environmental Law Reporter20, 10337–10344.
Gardner, R.C. (2002). “Corps’ New Regulatory Guidance Letter: Trick or Treat?”National Wetlands Newsletter24:2, 3–4, 14.
Gardner, R.C. (2007). “Rapanosand Wetland Mitigation Banking,” in K. Wroth, ed.,The Supreme Court and the Clean Water Act: Five Essays. Royalton, VT: Vermont Law School’s Land Use Institute.
Houck, O.A. (1989). “Hard Choices: The Analysis of Alternatives under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Similar Environmental Laws.”University of Colorado Law Review60, 773–840.
Hough, P., and M.M. Robertson. (2009). “Mitigation under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act: Where It Comes From, What It Means.”Wetlands Ecology and Management17:1, 15–33.
Jacobs, A.J. (2007).The Year of Living Biblically: One Man’s Humble Quest to Follow the Bible as Literally as Possible. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Municipality of Anchorage v. United States. (1992). 980 F.2d 1320 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Natural Resource Law Institute. (1988). “A Guide to Federal Wetlands Protection Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.”AnadromoU.S. Fish Law Memo, Issue 46. Portland, OR: Lewis and Clark Law School.
Rodgers, W.H. (1994).Environmental Law2nd ed. St. Paul, MN: West.
Stewart v. Potts(1998) 996 F.Supp. 668 U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1990). “Permit Elevation, Old Cutler Bay Associates.”www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/pdf/CutlerBayGuidance.pdf.
U.S. Department of the Army and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1990). Memorandum of Agreement Between the Department of the Army and the Environmental Protection Agency Concerning the Determination of Mitigation under the Clean Water Act Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines. Washington, D.C..
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2008a). “Final Determination of the Assistant Administrator for Water Pursuant to Section 404(c) of the Clean Water Act Concerning the Proposed Yazoo Backwater Area Pumps Project in Is-saquena County, MS.”Federal Register73:183, 54398–54400.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2008b). “Proposed Determination to Prohibit, Restrict, or Deny the Specification, or the Usefor Specification, of an Area as a Disposal Site; Yazoo River Basin, Issaquena County, MS.”Federal Register73:54, 14806–14820.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2010a).Chronology of 404(c) Actions.www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/regs/404c.html.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2010b).Chronology of 404(q) Actions.www.epa.gov/wetlands/guidance/404q.html.
von Hermann, D., ed. (2006).Resorting to Casinos: The Mississippi Gambling Industry. Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press.
Weissman, S., J. Willmuth, and F. Clemente. (1999).Betting on Trent Lott: The Casino Gambling Industry’s Campaign Contributions Pay Off in Congress. Washington, D.C.: Public Citizen’s Congress Watch.
Winter, L. (1990). “Sununu Pulled Rank.”National Wetlands Newsletter12:2, 3–7, 8.
Zabel v. Tabb(1970) 430 F.2d 199 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
Chapter 6
Barringer, F. (2006). “Fewer Marshes + More Man-Made Ponds = Increased Wetlands.”New York Times, March 31.
Bernard S. (2010). “Some Common Myths About Original TABASCO® brand Pepper Sauce.”www.tabasco.com/tabasco_history/faqs.cfm.
Carter-Finn, K., A.W. Hodges, D.J. Lee, and M.T. Olexa. (2006). “Benefit-Cost Analysis of Melaleuca Management in South Florida.” Gainesville, FL: Food and Resource Economics Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
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Dahl, T.E. (1990).Wetlands Losses in the United States 1780’s to 1980’s. Washington, D.C.: U.S Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Dahl, T.E. (2006).Status and Trends of Wetlands in the ConterminoU.S. United States 1998 to 2004. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Dahl, T.E. and C.E. Johnson. (1991).Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Contermi-noU.S. United States, Mid-1970’s to Mid-1980’s. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
Dale, V.H., K.L. Kline, J. Wiens, and J. Fargione. (2010). “Biofuels: Implications for Land Useand Biodiversity.”Biofuels and SU.S.tainability ReportsWashington, D.C.: Ecological Society of America.
Dray, F.A., B.C. Bennett, and T.D. Center. (2006). “Invasion History of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake in Florida.”Castanea71:3, 210–225.
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Gardner, R.C. (1996). “Banking on Entrepreneurs: Wetlands, Mitigation Banking, and Takings.”Iowa Law Review81:3, 527–587.
Gardner, R.C. (2005). “Mitigation,” in K.D. Connolly, S.M. Johnson, and D.R. Williams, eds.,Wetlands Law and Policy: Understanding Section 404. Chicago: American Bar Association.
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Mullin, B.H., L.W.J. Anderson, J.M. DiTomaso, R.E. Eplee, and K.D. Getsinger. (2000). “Invasive Plant Species.” Issue Paper No. 13. Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.
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Pittman, C. and M. Waite. 2005. “They won’t say no.”St. Petersburg Times, May 22.
Ruhl, J.B., S.E. Kraft, and C.L. Lant. (2007).The Law and Policy of Ecosystem Services. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
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Stedman, S., and T.E. Dahl. (2008).Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Coastal Watersheds of the Eastern United States 1998 to 2004. Washington, D.C.: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
Streever, B. (2001).Saving Louisiana? The Battle for Coastal Wetlands. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2010).Final Benefit-Cost Analysis for the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP).http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/farmbill/2008/bca-cria/WRP_BCAnalysis-FINAL-5-17-10.pdf.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1994).Interagency Follow-Through Investigation of Compensatory Wetland Mitigation Sites.
Vileisis, A. (1997).Discovery of the Unknown Landscape: A History of America’s Wetlands. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Wiebe, J. and E. Mouton. (2009).Nutria Harvest and Distribution 2008–2009 and A Survey of Nutria Herbivory Damage in Coastal Louisiana in 2009. New Iberia, LA: Coastal and Nongame Resources, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.
Williams, D.R. (2005). “Agricultural Programs,” in K.D. Connolly, S.M. Johnson, and D.R. Williams, eds.,Wetlands Law and Policy: Understanding Section 404. Chicago: American Bar Association.
Zedler, J. (2007). “Success: An Unclear, Subjective Descriptor of Restoration Outcomes.”Ecological Restoration25:3, 162–168.
Chapter 7
Apogee Research, Inc. (1994).An Examination of Wetlands Programs: Opportunities for Compensatory Mitigation. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Water Resources.
Brumbaugh, R. and R.T. Reppert. (1994).National Wetlands Mitigation Banking Study First Phase Report. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Water Resources.
Brumbaugh, R., and F. Tabatabai. (1998).National Wetland Mitigation Banking Study: The Early Mitigation Banks: A Follow-up Review. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Water Resources.
Environmental Law Institute. (1993).Wetland Mitigation Banking. Washington, D.C.
Environmental Law Institute. (2002).Banks and Fees: The Status of Off-site Wetland Mitigation in the United States. Washington, D.C.
Environmental Law Institute and Institute for Water Resources. (1994).Wetland Mitigation Banking: Resource Document. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Water Resources.
Gardner, R.C. (1996). “Banking on Entrepreneurs: Wetlands, Mitigation Banking, and Takings.”Iowa Law Review81:3, 527–587.
Gardner, R.C. (2003). “Rehabilitating Nature: A Comparative Review of Legal Mechanisms That Encourage Wetland Restoration Efforts.”Catholic University Law Review52, 527–620.
Gardner, R.C., and T.J.P. Radwan. (2005). “What HappensWhenaWetland Mitigation Bank Goes Bankrupt?”Environmental Law Reporter35:4, 10590–10604.
Gatewood, S. (1995). “Disney Banks on Mitigation.”National Wetlands Newsletter17:5, 7–9.
Haynes, W.J., and R.C. Gardner. (1993). “The Value of Wetlands as Wetlands: The Case for Mitigation Banking.”Environmental Law Reporter23:5, 10261–10265.
In re IT Group, Inc. (2006). 399 Bankruptcy Reporter 338, U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware.
National Research Council. (2001).Compensating for Wetland Losses under the Clean Water Act. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Pittman, C., and M. Waite. (2009).Paving Paradise: Florida’s Vanishing Wetlands and the Failure of No Net Loss. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
Reiss, K.C., E. Hernandez, and M. Brown. (2007). An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Mitigation Banking in Florida: Ecological Success and Compliance with Permit Criteria.www.dep.state.fl.US/water/wetlands/docs/mitigation/Final_Report.pdf.
Robertson, M.M. (2006). “Emerging Ecosystem Service Markets: Trends in a Decade of Entrepreneurial Wetland Banking.”Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment4:6, 297–302.
Robertson, M.M. (2008). “The Entrepreneurial Wetland Banking Experience in Chicago and Minnesota.”National Wetlands Newsletter30:4, 14–17, 20.
Ruhl, J.B. and J. Salzman. (2006). “The Effects of Wetland Mitigation Banking on People.”National Wetlands Newslettervol 28:2, pp1, 9–14.
Scodari, P., L. Shabman, and D. White. (1995).National Wetlands Mitigation Banking Study—Commercial Wetland Mitigation Credit Markets: Theory and Practice. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Water Resources.
Shabman, L., P. Scodari, and D. King. (1994).National Wetlands Mitigation Banking Study—Expanding Opportunities for Successful Mitigation: The Private Credit Market Alternative. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Water Resources.
Sibbing, J.M. (2005). “Mitigation Banking: Will the Myth Ever Die?”National Wetlands Newsletter27:6, 5–6, 8.
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) Public Law 105–178.
U.S. Department of the Army and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1990). Memorandum of Agreement between the Department of the Army and the Environmental Protection Agency Concerning the Determination of Mitigation under the Clean Water Act Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines. Washington, D.C..
U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Interior, and U.S. Department of Commerce. (1995). “Federal Guidance for the Establishment, Use and Operation of Mitigation Banks.”Federal Registervol 60:228, pp58605–58614.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of the Army. (1993). Memorandum to the Field, Subject: Establishment and Useof Wetland Mitigation Banks in the Clean Water Act Section 404 Regulatory Program. Washington, D.C..
U.S. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2003). Federal Guidance on the Useof the TEA-21 Preference for Mitigation Banking to Fulfill Mitigation Requirements under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Washington, D.C.
Wilkinson, J. and J. Thompson. (2006). 2005Status Report on Compensatory Mitigation in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute.
Chapter 8
Environmental Law Institute. (2002).Banks and Fees: The Status of Off-site Wetland Mitigation in the United States. Washington, D.C.; Environmental Law Institute
Gardner, R.C. (2000). “Money for Nothing? The Rise of Wetland Fee Mitigation.”Virginia Environmental Law Journal19:1, 1–56.
Gardner, R.C. (2008). “Legal Considerations,” in N. Carroll, J. Fox, and R. Bayon, eds.,Conservation & Biodiversity Banking. Earthscan, London.
National Research Council. (2001).Compensating for Wetland Losses under the Clean Water Act. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
The Nature Conservancy. (2010).Virginia Aquatic Resources TrU.S.t Fund Annual Report—2009.www.deq.virginia.gov/export/sites/default/wetlands/pdf/VARTF_2009_Annual_Report.pdf.
Teresa, S. (2006). “The Demise of The Environmental TrU.S.t.” Ecosystem Marketplace,www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/pages/dynamic/article.page.php?page_id=4227§ion=home&eod=1.
Urban, D.T. and J.H. Ryan. (1999). “A Lieu-Lieu Policy with SerioU.S. Shortcomings.”National Wetlands Newsletter21:4, 5, 9.
U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Interior, and U.S. Department of Commerce. (1995). “Federal Guidance for the Establishment, Useand Operation of Mitigation Banks.”Federal Registervol 60:228, pp58605–58614.
U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2000). Federal Guidance on the Useof In-Lieu-Fee Arrangements for Compensatory Mitigation under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act. Washington, D.C.
U.S. General Accounting Office. (2001).WETLANDS PROTECTION: Assessments Needed to Determine Effectiveness of In-Lieu-Fee Mitigation. Washington, D.C.
U.S. General Accounting Office. (2004).Principles of Federal Appropriations Law, 3rd ed., vol II, Washington, D.C.
Wilkinson, J. and J. Thompson. (2006). 2005Status Report on Compensatory Mitigation in the United States. Environmental Law Institute, Washington, D.C.
Chapter 9
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Epilogue
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Gardner, R.C. (2011). Regulatory Takings in the Wetland Context. In: Lawyers, Swamps, and Money. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-025-5_11
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