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Precise Q value determinations for forbidden and low energy \(\beta \)-decays using Penning trap mass spectrometry

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Abstract

Nuclear \(\beta \)-decay provides a laboratory for investigating weak decays occurring inside the nuclear medium. This provides information on the resulting subtle nuclear and atomic effects, and on the underlying interaction and the properties of the particles that are involved, particularly of the neutrino. The Q value of the decay corresponds to the energy equivalent of the mass difference between parent and daughter atoms, and can be precisely and accurately measured using Penning trap mass spectrometry. In this paper we discuss Penning trap Q value measurements for forbidden \(\beta \)-decays of long-lived primordial nuclides, and for a subset of \(\beta \)-unstable nuclides that could potentially undergo a very low energy decay to an excited state in the daughter nucleus. We discuss applications of these measurements to tests of systematics in detectors that perform precise \(\beta \)-spectrum measurements, as inputs for theoretical shape factor, electron branching ratio and half-life calculations, and to identify nuclides that could serve as new candidates in direct neutrino mass determination experiments.

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Data Availability Statement

This manuscript has no associated data or the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: All data are listed in the references and are publicly available.].

Notes

  1. It is understood that the parent and daughter nuclides, X and Y, in Eq.  (1) are not the same as those in Eqs.  (2) and (3) (although it is possible for the two to have a common parent or a common daughter nuclide).

  2. These Q value definitions ignore the binding energies of the missing/additional electron in \(\beta ^{-}\)/\(\beta ^{+}\) decay, which is \(\sim \)eV and is typically negligible, and they ignore the binding energy of the captured, typically K or L shell electron, in EC decay, which is \(\sim \)keV and must be accounted for in some cases.

  3. Ideally, this reference mass would be \(^{12}\,\hbox {C}^{+}\), since the atomic mass unit can be defined precisely in terms of the mass of \(^{12}\)C, but in practice it is better to measure the cyclotron frequency ratio of ions of similar mass to reduce the effect of potential mass-dependent systematic frequency shifts on the ratio.

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Acknowledgements

This material is based upon work supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under Award No. DE-SC002538, and the National Science Foundation under Contract No. 2111302. Support was also provided by Central Michigan University.

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    Matthew Redshaw

  2. Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Matthew Redshaw

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Redshaw, M. Precise Q value determinations for forbidden and low energy \(\beta \)-decays using Penning trap mass spectrometry. Eur. Phys. J. A 59, 18 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-023-00925-9

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