Abstract
We study the hadron production in \(p+p\), \(p+n\) and \(n+n\) reactions within the microscopic Parton–Hadron-Dynamics (PHSD) transport approach in comparison to PYTHIA 8.2. We discuss the details of the “PHSD tune” of the Lund string model (realized by event generators FRITIOF and PYTHIA) in the vacuum (as in \(N+N\) collisions) as well as its in-medium modifications relevant for heavy-ion collisions where a hot and dense matter is produced. We compare the results of PHSD and PYTHIA 8.2 (default version) for the excitation function of hadron multiplicities as well as differential rapidity y, transverse momentum \(p_T\) and \(x_F\) distributions in \(p+p\), \(p+n\) and \(n+n\) reactions with the existing experimental data in the energy range \(\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.7 - 7000\) GeV. We discuss the production mechanisms of hadrons and the role of final state interactions (FSI) due to the hadronic rescattering. We also show the influence of the possible quark–gluon plasma (QGP) formation on hadronic observables in \(p+p\) collisions at LHC energies. We stress the importance of developing a reliable event generator for elementary reactions from low to ultra-relativistic energies in view of actual and upcoming heavy-ion experiments.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability Statement
This manuscript has no associated data or the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: This manuscript is a theoretical study. There is no experimental data associated to this manuscript.]
References
B. Andersson, G. Gustafson, G. Ingelman, T. Sjostrand, Phys. Rep. 97, 31 (1983)
B. Andersson, G. Gustafson, B. Soderberg, Z. Phys. C 20, 317 (1983)
B. Nilsson-Almqvist, E. Stenlund, Comput. Phys. Commun. 43, 387 (1987)
B. Andersson, G. Gustafson, H. Pi, Z. Phys. C 57, 485 (1993)
T. Sjostrand, S. Mrenna, P.Z. Skands, JHEP 0605, 026 (2006)
J. Schwinger, Phys. Rev. 83, 664 (1951)
W. Cassing, E.L. Bratkovskaya, Phys. Rev. C 78, 034919 (2008)
W. Cassing, Eur. Phys. J. ST 168, 3 (2009)
W. Cassing, E.L. Bratkovskaya, Nucl. Phys. A 831, 215 (2009)
E.L. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, V.P. Konchakovski, O. Linnyk, Nucl. Phys. A 856, 162 (2011)
O. Linnyk, E.L. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 87, 50 (2016)
W. Cassing, E.L. Bratkovskaya, Phys. Rep. 308, 65 (1999)
J. Aichelin, E. Bratkovskaya, A. Le Fèvre, V. Kireyeu, V. Kolesnikov, Y. Leifels, V. Voronyuk, G. Coci, Phys. Rev. C 101, 044905 (2020)
S.A. Bass et al., Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 41, 255 (1998)
M. Bleicher et al., J. Phys. G 25, 1859 (1999)
O. Buss et al., Phys. Rep. 512, 1 (2012)
J. Weil, V. Steinberg, J. Staudenmaier et al., Phys. Rev. C 94, 054905 (2016)
K. Werner, F.M. Liu, T. Pierog, Phys. Rev. C 74, 044902 (2006)
T. Pierog, I. Karpenko, J. Katzy, E. Yatsenko, K. Werner, Phys. Rev. C 92, 034906 (2015)
S. Ostapchenko, Phys. Rev. D 83, 014018 (2011)
G. Corcella, I. Knowles, G. Marchesini, S. Moretti, K. Odagiri, P. Richardson, M. Seymour, B. Webber, JHEP 01, 010 (2001)
T. Sjöstrand, S. Ask, J.R. Christiansen, R. Corke, N. Desai, P. Ilten, S. Mrenna, S. Prestel, C.O. Rasmussen, P.Z. Skands, Comput. Phys. Commun. 191, 159 (2015)
A. Peshier, W. Cassing, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 172301 (2005)
W. Ehehalt, W. Cassing, Nucl. Phys. A 602, 449 (1996)
N. Firdoua, Tuning of the PYTHIA 6.4 Multiple Parton Interaction model to Minimum Bias and Underlying Event data. CERN-THESIS-2013-419. 152 p. https://cds.cern.ch/search?ln=en&cc=CERN+Theses&sc=1&p=Firdoua&action_search=Search&op1=a&m1=a&p1=&f1=
W. Cassing, Nucl. Phys. A 700, 618 (2002)
E. Seifert, W. Cassing, Phys. Rev. C 97, 024913 (2018)
E. Seifert, W. Cassing, Phys. Rev. C 97, 044907 (2018)
T. Sjöstrand, M. Utheim. arXiv:2005.05658 [hep-ph]
A. Casher, H. Neuberger, S. Nussinov, Phys. Rev. D 20, 179 (1979)
B. Andersson, G. Gustafson, T. Sjöstrand, Z. Phys. C 6, 235 (1980)
E.G. Gurvich, Phys. Lett. B 87, 386 (1979)
G. Eichmann, H. Sanchis-Alepuz, R. Williams, R. Alkofer, C.S. Fischer, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 91, 1 (2016)
J. Geiss, W. Cassing, C. Greiner, Nucl. Phys. A 644, 107 (1998)
E. Bratkovskaya, J. Aichelin, M. Thomere, S. Vogel, M. Bleicher, Phys. Rev. C 87, 064907 (2013)
E.L. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, Nucl. Phys. A 807, 214 (2008)
T. Song, H. Berrehrah, D. Cabrera, J.M. Torres-Rincon, L. Tolos, W. Cassing, E. Bratkovskaya, Phys. Rev. C 92, 014910 (2015)
W. Cassing, L. Tolós, E.L. Bratkovskaya, A. Ramos, Nucl. Phys. A 727, 59 (2003)
A. Ilner, D. Cabrera, C. Markert, E. Bratkovskaya, Phys. Rev. C 95, 014903 (2017)
A. Ilner, J. Blair, D. Cabrera, C. Markert, E. Bratkovskaya, Phys. Rev. C 99, 024914 (2019)
A. Ilner, J. Blair, D. Cabrera, C. Markert, E. Bratkovskaya, Phys. Rev. C 99, 024914 (2019)
W. Cassing, A. Palmese, P. Moreau, E.L. Bratkovskaya, Phys. Rev. C 93, 014902 (2016)
A. Palmese, W. Cassing, E. Seifert, T. Steinert, P. Moreau, E.L. Bratkovskaya, Phys. Rev. C 94, 044912 (2016)
W. Cassing, K. Gallmeister, C. Greiner, Nucl. Phys. A 735, 277 (2004)
N. Abgrall et al. (NA61/SHINE Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 74, 2794 (2014)
A. Aduszkiewicz et al. (NA61/SHINE Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 617 (2017)
C. Alt et al. (NA49 Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 45, 343 (2006)
T. Anticic et al. (NA49 Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 68, 1 (2010)
T. Anticic et al. (NA49 Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 65, 9 (2010)
M. Gazdzicki, D. Röhrich, Z. Phys. C 71, 55 (1996)
H. Schopper (ed.), Landolt-Bornstein, NewSeries, Group I, vol. 12 (Springer, Berlin, 1988)
M. Antinucci et al., Lett. Nuovo. Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. 6, 121 (1973)
A. Aduszkiewicz et al. (NA61/SHINE Collaboration). arXiv:2006.02062 [nucl-ex]
A. Aduszkiewicz et al. (NA61/SHINE Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 76, 198 (2016)
A. Aduszkiewicz et al. (NA61/SHINE Collaboration). arXiv:1912.10871 [hep-ex]
V. Friese et al. (NA49 Collaboration), J. Phys. G 30, S119 (2004)
M.I. Gorenstein, M. Gazdzicki, K. Bugaev, Phys. Lett. B 567, 175 (2003)
E. Bratkovskaya, S. Soff, H. Stoecker, M. van Leeuwen, W. Cassing, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 032302 (2004)
B. Abelev et al. (STAR Collaboration), Phys. Rev. C 75, 064901 (2007)
A. Adare et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Phys. Rev. C 83, 064903 (2011)
G. Alner et al. (UA5 Collaboration), Z. Phys. C 33, 1 (1986)
C. Albajar et al. (UA1 Collaboration), Nucl. Phys. B 335, 261 (1990)
B.B. Abelev et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 73, 2662 (2013)
J. Adam et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 75, 226 (2015)
A. Buckley, J. Butterworth, L. Lonnblad, D. Grellscheid, H. Hoeth, J. Monk, H. Schulz, F. Siegert, Comput. Phys. Commun. 184, 2803 (2013)
M. Aaboud et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. C 96, 024908 (2017)
E. Shuryak, I. Zahed, Phys. Rev. C 88, 044915 (2013)
A. Bzdak, B. Schenke, P. Tribedy, R. Venugopalan, Phys. Rev. C 87, 064906 (2013)
J. Adam et al. (ALICE), Nature Phys. 13, 535 (2017)
C. Bierlich, G. Gustafson, L. Lönnblad, A. Tarasov, JHEP 03, 148 (2015)
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge inspiring discussions and useful remarks from T. Sjöstrand and C. Bierlich. They are also grateful to C. Blume, W. Cassing, V. Lenivenko, P. Moreau, L. Oliva, K. Shtejer, O. Soloveva, T. Song and K. Werner for useful discussions and their interest to our work. We are grateful to S. Pulawski and M. Gazdzicki for providing us the experimental data from the NA61/SHINE Collaboration. Furthermore, we acknowledge support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation): Grant BR 4000/7-1, by the Russian Science Foundation Grant 19-42-04101 and by the GSI-IN2P3 agreement under contract number 13-70. Also we thank the COST Action THOR, CA15213. We acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program STRONG-2020 under grant agreement No 824093. I.G. acknowledges support by the DFG through the Grant CRC-TR 211 ’Strong-interaction matter under extreme conditions’ – Project number 315477589 – TRR 211 and by HGS-HIRe for FAIR. The computational resources have been provided by the LOEWE-Center for Scientific Computing and the “Green Cube” at GSI.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Laura Tolos.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kireyeu, V., Grishmanovskii, I., Kolesnikov, V. et al. Hadron production in elementary nucleon–nucleon reactions from low to ultra-relativistic energies. Eur. Phys. J. A 56, 223 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-020-00232-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-020-00232-7