This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
REFERENCES
Abrams DI. Letter to Alan Leshner, Ph.D., Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse from the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 1999.
Adib SM, Joseph JG, Ostrow DG, James SA. Predictors of relapse in sexual practices among homosexual men. AIDS Educ Prev 1991;3(4):293-304.
Allen LB, Glicken AD, Beach RK, Naylor KE. Adolescent health care experience of gay, lesbian, and bisexual young adults. J Adolesc Health 1998;23(4):212-20.
Allen N, Burrell N. Comparing the impact of homosexual and heterosexual parents on children: Meta-analysis of existing research. J Homosex 1996;32(2):19-35.
Altman D. Power and Community: Organizational and Cultural Response to AIDS. London: Taylor and Francis, 1994.
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Adolescence. Homosexuality and Adolescence. Pediatrics 1993;92:631-4.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Author, 1980.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Author, 1987.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: Author, 1994.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III. Washington, DC: Author, 1997.
American Psychological Association. Psychological and Behavioral Factors in Women's Health: Creating an Agenda for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Author, 1994.
American Public Health Association. The need for acknowledging transgendered individuals within research and clinical practice. Nation's Health 1999(Sept):46-8.
Andriote JM. Victory Deferred. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Asian AIDS Project, San Francisco. Needs assessment among API transgenders. San Francisco, 1995.
Atkinson JH, Grant I, Kennedy CJ, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among men infected with HIV. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;45:859-64.
Ayala J, Coleman H. Predictors of depression among lesbian women. J Lesbian Studies (in press).
Badgett MVL. Income Inflation: The Myth of Affluence Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Americans. Washington, DC: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute, and the Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies, 1998.
Bakker A, van Kesteren P, Gooren L, Bezemer P. The prevalence of transsexualism in the Netherlands. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993;87(4):237-8.
Barret RL, Robinson BE. Gay Fathers. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990.
Bartholow BN, Doll LS, Joy D, Douglas JM, et al. Emotional, behavioral, and HIV risks associated with sexual abuse among adult homosexual and bisexual men. Child Abuse Neglect 1994;18(9):747.
Basgara O, Pomerantz RJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type I replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of cocaine. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1157-64.
Baumrind D. Commentary of sexual orientation: Research and social policy implications. Dev Psychol 1995;31(1):130.
Bayer R. Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis. New York: Basic Books, 1981.
Beatrice J. Apsychological comparison of heterosexuals, transvestites, preoperative transsexuals, and postoperative transsexuals. J Nerv Ment Dis 1985;173(6):358-65.
Beckman AM, Daling JR, Sherman KJ, Maden C, Miller BA, Coates RJ, Kiviat NB, Myerson D, Weiss NS, Hislop TG, Beagrie M, McDougall JK. Human papillomavirus infection and anal cancer. Int J Cancer 1989;43:1042-9.
Bell AP, Weinberg MS. Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.
Bell AP, Weinberg MS, Hammersmith S. Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1981.
Bell NK. Social/sexual norms and AIDS in the South. Ethics and the politics of AIDS: Lessons for small cities and rural areas throughout the U.S. AIDS Educ Prev 1991;3(2):164-80.
Beltran ED, Ostrow DG, Joseph JG. Predictors of sexual behavior change among men requesting their HIV-1 antibody status: The Chicago MACS/CCS cohort of homosexual/bisexual men, 1985–1986. AIDS Educ Prev 1993;5(3):185-95.
Beren SE, Hayden HA, Wilfley DE, Grilo CM. The influence of sexual orientation on body dissatisfaction in adult men and women. Int J Eating Disorders 1996;20:135-41.
Berger BJ, Kolton S, Zenilman JM, Cummings MC, Feldman J, McCormack WM. Bacterial vaginosis in lesbians: A sexually transmitted disease. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21(6):1402-5.
Berger J. The psychotherapeutic treatment of male homosexuality. Am J Psychother 1994;48(2):251-61.
Berger R. Passing and social support. JHomosex 1992;23(3):85-97.
Bernstein F. This child does have two mothers... and a sperm donor with visitation. NYU Rev Law Social Change 1998;22(1).
Berrill KT. Anti-gay violence and victimization in the United States: An overview. In: Herek GM, Berrill KT, editors. Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992.
Berrill KT, Herek GM. Primary and secondary victimization and antigay hate crimes: Official response and public policy. J Interpers Violence 1990;5:274-94.
Bersoff DN, Ogden DW. APA amicus curiae briefs: Furthering lesbian and gay male civil rights. Am Psychol 1991;46:950-56.
Bidwell RJ. Sexual orientation and gender identity. In: Friedman SB, Fisher M, Schonberg SK, editors. Comprehensive Adolescent Health Care. St. Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing, 1992.
Biggar RJ, Burnett W, Mikl J, Nasca P. Cancer among New York men at risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Int J Cancer 1989;43:979-85.
Billy JOG, Tanfer K, Grady WR, Klepinger DH. The sexual behavior of men in the United States. Fam Plann Perspec 1993; 25:52-60.
Binson D, Michaels S, Stall R, et al. Prevalence and social distribution of men who have sex with men. J Sex Res 1995; 32(3):245-54.
Bloomfield KA. A comparison of alcohol consumption between lesbians and heterosexual women in an urban population. Drug Alcohol Depend 1993;33:257-69.
Bockting WO, Robinson BE, Rosser BRS. Transgender HIV prevention: A qualitative needs assessment. AIDS Care 1998;10(4):505-26.
Boden D, Hurley A, Zhang L, Cao Y, Guo Y, Jones E, Tsay J, Ip J, Farthing C, Limoli K, Parkin N, Markowitz M. HIV-1 drug resistance in newly infected individuals. JAMA 1999;282(12):1135-41.
Bohn TR. Violence against gay men and lesbians. Homophobic violence: Implications for social work practice. In: Schoenberg R, Goldberg RS, Shore DA, editors. Homosexuality and Social Work. New York: Haworth Press, 1984.
Boles J, Elifson KW. The social organization of transvestite prostitution and AIDS. Social Sci Med 1994;39(1):85-93.
Bolton R, Vincke J, Mak R, Dennehy E. Alcohol and risky sex: In search of an elusive connection. Med Anthropol 1992;14(2-4):323-63.
Boruch RF, Cecil JS. Assuring the Confidentiality of Social Research Data. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.
Bosga MB, de Wit JB, de Vroome EM, Houweling H, Schop W, Sandfort TG. Differences in perception of risk for HIV infection with steady and non-steady partners among homosexual men. AIDS Educ Prev 1995;7(2):103-15.
Bozette FW, editor. Gay and Lesbian Parents. New York: Praeger, 1987.
Bradburn, Sudman S. Response effects. In: Rossi PH, Wright JD, Anderson AB, editors. Handbook of Survey Research. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Bradford J, Dye L. Physicians' readiness for providing cancer screening to lesbians. Unpublished manuscript.
Bradford J, Honnold J. Unpublished analysis of data from the National Lesbian Health Care Survey, 1994.
Bradford J, Plumb M, White J, Ryan C. Information transfer strategies to support lesbian research. In: Psychological and Behavioral Factors in Women's Health: Creating an Agenda for the 21st Century—American Psychological Association Conference Proceedings. Washington, DC, May 1994a.
Bradford J, Ryan C. In: The National Lesbian Health Care Survey. Washington, DC: National Lesbian and Gay Health Foundation, 1988:76-85.
Bradford J, Ryan C, Rothblum ED. National Lesbian Health Care Survey: Implications for mental health care. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994b;52(2):228-42.
Bradford J, White J. Lesbian health research. In: Goldman M, Hetch M, editors. Women and Health. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000.
Bradford JB, White J, Honnold J, Ryan C, Rothblum E. Improving the Accuracy of identifying lesbians for telephone surveys about health. Submitted for publication, 2000.
Bradley SJ, Blanchard R, Coates S, Green R, Levine SB, Meyer Bahlburg HFL, Pauly IB, Zucker KJ. Interim report of the DSM-IV subcommittee on gender identity disorders. Arch Sex Behav 1991;20:333-43.
Brady S, Busse W. The Gay Identity Questionnaire: A brief measure of homosexual identity formation. J Homosex 1994;26(4):1-22.
Brand PA, Kidd AH. Frequency of physical aggression in heterosexual and female homosexual dyads. Psychol Rep 1986; 59:1307-13.
Brand PA, Rothblum ED, Solomon LJ. A comparison of lesbians, gay men, and heterosexuals on weight and restrained eating. Int J Eating Disorders 1992;11:253-9.
Breese PL, Judson FN, Penley KA, Douglas JM. Anal human papilloma virus infection among homosexual and bisexual men: Prevalence of type-specific infection and association with human immunodeficiency virus. Sex Transm Dis 1995;22:7-14.
Brewaeys A, Devroey P, Helmerhorst FM, van Hall EV, Ponjaert I. Lesbian mothers who conceived after donor insemination: A follow-up study. Hum Reprod 1995;10(10):2731-5.
Brewaeys A, Ponjaert I, van Ball EV, Golombok S. Donor insemination: Child development and family functioning in lesbian mother families. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1349-59.
Brewaeys A, Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I, Van Stierteghem AC, Devroey P. Children from anonymous donors: An inquiry into homosexual and heterosexual parents' attitudes. J Psychosomatic Obstet Gynecol 1993;14(Suppl):23-35.
Brown G, Wise T, Costa P, Herbst J, Fagan P, Schmidt C. Personality characteristics and sexual functioning of 188 cross-dressing men. J Nerv Ment Dis 1996;184(5):265-73.
Brown LS. Lesbians, weight, and eating: New analyses and perspectives. In: Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective, editors. Lesbian Psychologies: Explorations and Challenges. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1987:294-309.
Buchbinder SP, Holmberg SD, Scheer S, Colfax G, O'Malley P, Vittinghoff E. Combination antiretroviral therapy and incidence of AIDS-related malignancies. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999;21(Suppl 1):S23-6.
Buhrich N. Psychological adjustment in transvestitism and transsexualism. J Sex Res Ther 1981;19:407-11.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. 1994 National Crime Victimization Survey. Bur Justice Stat Bull 1996 (April).
Burns R, Rofes E. Gay liberation comes home: The development of community centers within our movement. In: Shernoff M, Scott WA, editors. The Sourcebook on Lesbian/Gay Health Care. Washington, DC: National Lesbian/Gay Health Foundation, 1988.
Bux D. The epidemiology of problem drinking in gay men and lesbians—A critical review. Clin Psychol Rev 1996;16(4): 277-98.
Bybee D, Roeder V. Michigan Lesbian Health Survey: Results relevant to AIDS. A report to the Michigan Organization for Human Rights and the Michigan Department of Public Health. Lansing, MI: Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, 1990.
Cabaj R. Substance abuse in the gay and lesbian community. In: Lowinson J, Ruiz P, Millman R, editors. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1992:852-60.
Carballo-Dieguez A, Dolezal C. Association between history of childhood sexual abuse and adult HIV-risk sexual behavior in Puerto Rican men who have sex with men. Child Abuse Neglect 1995;19(5):595-605.
Carlat DJ, Camargo CA. Review of bulimia nervosa in males. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:831-43.
Carlat DJ, Camargo CA, Herzog DB. Eating disorders in males: A report on 135 patients. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1127-32.
Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs Resource Guide: Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals. Rockville, MD: Author, October 1994.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men—New York City and California. MMWR 1981;30:305-8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 1992, and changes in the definition of current cigarette smoking. MMWR 1994;43(19):342-6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Continued sexual risk behavior among HIV-seropositive, drug-using men—Atlanta; Washington, DC; and San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1993. MMWR 1996a;45(7):151-2.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) MMWR 1996b;45(RR-15):1-30; Erratum, MMWR 1997;46(25):pp588.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Undervaccination for hepatitis B among young men who have sex with men—San Francisco and Berkeley, California, 1992–1993. MMWR 1996c;45(10):215-7.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gonorrhea among men who have sex with men—selected sexually transmitted diseases clinics, 1993–1996. MMWR 1997;46(38):889-92.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998 Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Report. Altanta, GA: Author, 1998a.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnosis and reporting of HIV and AIDS in states with integrated HIV and AIDS surveillance—United States, January 1994–June 1997. MMWR 1998b;(April 24):309-14.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS among African Americans. Downloaded 12/10/1999a.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Midyear Edition. 1999b;11(1).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR 1999c;48(RR10; 1).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Increases in unsafe sex and rectal gonorrhea among men who have sex with men—San Francisco, CA, 1994–1997. MMWR 1999d;48(3): 45-8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Resurgent bacterial sexually transmitted disease among men who have sex with Men—King County, Washington, 1997–1999. MMWR 1999e; 48(35).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS among racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men—United States, 1989–1998. MMWR 2000;49(1).
Chan RW, Raboy B, Patterson CJ. Psychosocial adjustment among children conceived via donor insemination by lesbian and heterosexual mothers. Child Dev 1998;69(2):443-57.
Chapple MJ, Kippax S, Smith G. “Semi-straight sort of sex”: Class and gay community attachment explored within a framework of older homosexually active men. J Homosex 1998;35(2): 65-83.
Chase C. Hermaphrodites with attitude: Mapping the emergence of intersex political activism. GLQ 1998;4(2):189-211.
Chauncey G. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940. New York: Basic Books, 1994.
Chesney MA, Barrett DC, Stall R. Histories of substance use and risk behavior: Precursors to HIV seroconversion in homosexual men. Am J Public Health 1998;88(1):113-6.
Ching CL, Sy FS, Choi ST, Bau I, Astudillo R. Asian and Pacific Islander American HIV community-based organizations: A nationwide survey. AIDS Educ Prev 1998;10(3 Suppl):48-60.
Choi KH, Yep GA, Kumekawa E. HIV prevention among Asian and Pacific Islander American men who have sex with men: A critical review of theoretical models and directions for future research. AIDS Educ Prev 1998;10(3 Suppl):19-30.
Clements K, Wilkinson W, Kitano K, Marx R. (1999) HIV Prevention and Health Service Needs of the Transgender Community in San Francisco. Int J Transgenderism 3(1, 2); available at www.symposion.com/ijt/hiv_risk/clements.htm.
Clunis DM, Dorsey G. The Lesbian Parenting Book: A guide to Creating Families and Raising Children. Seattle, WA: Seal Press, 1995.
Coates TJ, Collins C. Preventing HIV infection. Sci Am 1998(July);279:96-7.
Cochran SD, Mays VM. Disclosure of sexual preference to physicians by Black lesbian and bisexual women. West J Med 1988;149:616-9.
Cochran SD, Mays VM. Depressive distress among homosexually active African American men and women. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:524-9.
Cochran SD, Mays VM. Lifetime prevalence of suicide symptoms and affective disorders among men reporting same-sex sexual partners: Results from the BHANES III. Am J Pub Health 2000;90:573-78.
Cohen B. Deviant Street Networks: Prostitution in New York City. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1980.
Cohen H, Marmor M, Wolfe H, Ribble D. Risk assessment of HIV transmission among lesbians [letter]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:1173-4.
Cohen L, de Ruiter C, Ringelberg H, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Psychological functioning of adolescent transsexuals: Personality and psychopathology. J Clin Psychol 1997;53(2):187-96.
Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren LJG. Transsexualism: A review of etiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Psychosomat Res 1999; 46(4):315-33.
Cohen-Kettenis PT, van Goozen SHM. Sex reassignment of adolescent transsexuals: A follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:263-71.
Cohen-Kettenis P, van Goozen S. Pubertal delay as an aid in diagnosis and treatment of a transsexual adolescent. EurChild Adolesc Psychiatry 1998;7(4): 246-8.
Cole C, O'Boyle M, Emory L, Meyer W. Comorbidity of gender dysphoria and other major psychiatric diagnoses. Arch Sex Behav 1997;26(1):13-26.
Cole S. A transgender dilemma: The forgotten journeys of the partners and families. Paper presented at the 16th Biennial Symposium of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, August 1999.
Cole SW, Kemeny ME, Taylor SE, Visscher BR. Elevated physical health risk among gay men who conceal their homosexual identity. Health Psychol 1996;15:243-51.
Community Disease Report Weekly. Sexually transmitted diseases quarterly report: Sexually transmitted diseases in England and Wales acquired through sexual intercourse between men. Commun Dis Rep Weekly 1999;9(18):156-7; Erratum, Commun Dis Rep Weekly 1999;9(23): 204.
Comstock GD. Victims of anti-gay/lesbian violence. J Interpers Violence 1989;4:101-6.
Comstock GD. Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
Corbett, K. Homosexual boyhood: Notes on girlyboys. In: Rottnek M, editor. Sissies and Tomboys, Gender Nonconformity and Homosexual Childhood. New York: New York University Press, 1999.
Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Health care needs of gay men and lesbians in the United States. JAMA 1996;275(17):1354-9.
Cowan CP, Cowan PA. The division of child care and housework: Implications for parents' and children's adaptation. Paper presented at a National Institute of Health Workshop: New Approaches to Research on Sexual Orientation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse. Rockville, Maryland, September 27–28, 1999.
Crawford S. Lesbian families: Psychosocial stress and the familybuilding process. In: Boston Lesbian Psychology Collective, editors. Lesbian Psychologies. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1987:195-214.
Crocker J, Major B. Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychol Bull 1989;96(4):608-30.
Crisp AH, Burns T, Bhat AV. Primary anorexia nervosa in the male and female: A comparison of clinical features and prognosis. Br J Med Psychol 1986;59:123-32.
Daling JR, Weiss NS, Hislop G, Maden C, Coates RJ, Sherman KJ, Ashley RL, Beagrie M, Ryan JA, Corey L. Sexual practices, sexually transmited diseases, and the incidence of anal cancer. New Engl J Med 1987;317973-7.
D'Augelli AR. Lesbians' and gay men's experiences of discrimination and harassment in a university community. Am J Commun Psychol 1989;17(3):317-21.
D'Augelli AR, Hershberger S. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings: Personal challenges and mental health problems. Am J Commun Psychol 1993;21(4):421-48.
Dean L. Psychosocial stressors in a panel of New York City gay men during the AIDS epidemic, 1985 to 1991. In: Herek GM, Greene B, editors. Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Issues (Volume 2). AIDS, Identity and Community: The HIV Epidemic and Lesbians and Gay Men. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995.
Dean L, Martin JL, Wu S. Trends in violence and discrimination again gay men in New York City: 1984 to 1990. In: Herek GM, Berrill KT, editors. Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992.
Degen K, Waitkevicz HJ. Lesbian health issues. Br J Sex Med 1982;32:40-7.
Denenberg R. Report on lesbian health. Women's Health Issues 1995:5(2):181-91.
Deren S, Estrada A, Stark M, Williams M, Goldstein M. A multisite study of sexual orientation and injection drug use as predictors of HIV serostatus in out-of-treatment male drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1997;15(4):289-95.
Derogatis L, Meyer J, Vazquez N. A psychological profile of the transsexual. I. The male. J Nerv Ment Dis 1978;166(4):234-54.
De Rosa CJ, Marks G. Preventive counseling of HIV-positive men and self-disclosure of serostatus to sex partners: New opportunities for prevention. Health Psychol 1998;17(3): 224-31.
Devor H. FTM: Female-to Male Transsexuals in Society.Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997.
Deyton B, Lear W. A brief history of the gay/lesbian health movement in the U.S.A. In: Shernoff M, Scott WA, editors. The Sourcebook on Lesbian/Gay Health Care. Washington, DC: National Lesbian/Gay Health Foundation, 1988.
Diamond M, Sigmundson HK. Management of intersexuality: Guidelines for dealing with persons with ambiguous genitalia. Arch Pediatric Peds Adolesc Med 1997;1511046-50.
Diaz RM, Stall RD, Hoff C, Daigle D, Coates TJ. HIV risk among Latino gay men in the Southwestern United States. AIDS Educ Prev 1996;8(5):415-29.
Dibble SL, Vanoni JM, Miaskowski C. Women's attitudes toward breast cancer screening procedures: Differences by ethnicity. Womens Health Issues 1997;7(1):47-54.
Difranceisco W, Ostrow DG, Chmiel JS. Sexual adventurism, highrisk behavior, and human immunodeficiency virus-1 seroconversion among the Chicago MACS-CCS cohort, 1984 to 1992. A case–control study. Sex Transm Dis 1996;23(6):453-60.
Dilley JW, McFarland W, Sullivan P, Discepola M. Psychosocial correlates of unprotected anal sex in a cohort of gay men attending an HIV-negative support group. AIDS Educ Prev 1998;10(4):317-26.
Dixen JM, Maddever H, VanMaasden J, et al. Psychosocial characteristics of applicants evaluated for surgical gender reassignment. Arch Sex Behav 1984;13:269-77.
Doctor RF, Prince V. Transvestism: A survey of 1032 cross-dressers. Arch Sex Behav 1997;26(6):589-605.
Doll LS, Beeker C. Male bisexual behavior and HIV risk in the United States: Synthesis of research with implications for behavioral interventions. AIDS Educ Prev 1996;8(3):205-25.
Doll LS, Joy D, Bartholow BN, Harrison JS, et al. Self-reported childhood and adolescent sexual abuse among adult homosexual and bisexual men. Child Abuse Neglect 1992;16(6):855-64.
Dromer F, Improvisi L, Dupont B, Eliaszewicz M, Pialoux G, Fournier S, Feuillie V. Oral transmission of Candida albicans between partners in HIV-infected couples could contribute to dissemination of fluconazole-resistant isolates. AIDS 1997;11(9):1095-101.
Drucker E. Epidemic in the war zone: AIDS and community survival in New York City. In: Krieger N, Margo G, editors. AIDS: The Politics of Survival. Amityville, NY: Baywood, 1994.
Drucker J. Families of Value: Gay and Lesbian Parents and Their Children Speak Out. New York: Insight, 1998.
Duffy JC, Waterton JJ. Randomized response models for estimating the distribution function of a quantitative character. Int Rev 1984;52:165-72.
DuRant RH, Krowchuk DP, Sinal SH. Victimization, use of violence, and drug use at school among male adolescents who engage in same-sex sexual behavior. J Pediatr 1998;133(1): 113-8.
Editors of the Harvard Law Review. Sexual Orientation and the Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Ekins R, King D, editors. Blending Genders: Social Aspects of Cross Dressing and Sex-Changing. New York: Routledge, 1996.
Eklund PLE, Gooren LJG, Bezener PD. Prevalence of transsexualism in the Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 1988;152:638-40.
Eldh J, Berg A, Gustafsson M. Long-term follow up after sex reassignment surgery. Scand J Plast Reconstruct Surg Hand Surg 1997;31(1):39-45.
Elford J, Bolding G, Maguire M, Sherr L. Sexual risk behaviour among gay men in a relationship. AIDS 1999;13(11):1407-11.
Elifson KW, Boles J, Posey E, Sweat M, Darrow W, Elsea W. Male transvestite prostitutes and HIV risk. AmJPublic Health 1993;83(2):260-2.
Elliott C. Why can't we go on as three? Hastings Center Rep 1998;28(3):36-9.
Evans BA, Bond RA, MacRae KD. Heterosexual behaviour, risk factors and sexually transmitted infections among self-classified homosexual and bisexual men. Int J STD AIDS 1998; 9(3):129-33.
Faulkner AH, Cranston K. Correlates of same-sex sexual behavior in a random sample of Massachusetts high school students. Am J Public Health 1998;88(2):262-6.
Fay RE, Turner CF, Kalssen AD, Gagon JH. Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among Men. Science 1989;243:338-48.
Feinberg L. Transgender Warriors: Making History from Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.
Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Beautrais AL. Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:876-80.
Ferrando S, Goggin K, Sewell M, Evans S, Fishman B, Rabkin J. Substance use disorders in gay/bisexual men with HIV and AIDS. Am J Addict 1998;7(1):51-60.
Fichter MM, Daser C. Symptomatology, psychosexual development and gender identity in 42 anorexic males. Psychol Med 1987;17:409-18.
Fifield LH, Lathan JD, Phillips C. Alcoholism in the Gay Community: The Price of Alienation, Isolation and Oppression. Los Angeles: Gay Community Services Center, 1977.
Finkelhor D, Hotaling G, Lewis IA, Smith C. Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse Neglect 1990;14:19-28.
Finn P, McNeil T. The Response of the Criminal Justice System to Bias Crime. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, 1987.
Fisher DS, Ryan R, Esacove AW, Bishofsky S, Wallis JM, Roffman RA. The social marketing of project ARIES: Overcoming challenges in recruiting gay and bisexual males for HIV prevention counseling. J Homosex 1996;31(1–2):177-202.
Flavin DK, Franklin EJ, Frances RJ. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and suicidal behavior in alcohol-dependent homosexual men. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1440-2.
Fleming M. A study of pre-and postsurgical transsexuals: MMPI characteristics. Arch Sex Behav 1981;10:161-70.
Folkman S, Chesney MA, Pollack L, Phillips C. Stress, coping, and high-risk sexual behavior. Health Psychol 1992;11:218-22.
Fox R, Odaka NJ, Brookmeyer R, Polk BF. Effect ofHIV antibody disclosure on subsequent sexual activity in homosexual men. AIDS 1987;1(4):241-6.
Frances RJ, Wikstrom T, Alcena V. Contracting AIDS as a means of committing suicide. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:656.
French SA, Story M, Remafedi G, Resnick M, Blum R. Sexual orientation and prevalence of body dissatisfaction and eating disordered behaviors: A population-based study of adolescents. Int J Eating Disorders 1996;19:119-26.
Gagne P, Tewksbury R. Conformity pressure and gender resistance among transgendered individuals. Social Problems 1998;45(1):81-101.
Gagne P, Tewksbury R, McGaughey D. Coming out and crossing over: Identity formation and proclamation in a transgender community. Gender Society 1997;11(4):478-508.
Galli M, Esposito R, Antinori S. HIV-1 infection, tuberculosis, and syphilis in male transsexual prostitutes in Milan, Italy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991;4(10):1006-8.
Ganly I, Taylor EW. Breast cancer in a trans-sexual man receiving hormone replacement therapy. Br J Sur 1995;82:341.
Garber M. Vested Interests: Cross Dressing and Cultural Anxiety. New York: Harper Perennial, 1992.
Garfinkel H. Studies in Ethnomethodology: Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967.
Garnets L, Herek GM, Levy B. Violence and victimization of lesbians and gay men: Mental health consequences. J Interpers Violence 1990;5:366-83.
Garnets L, Herek GM, Leavy B. Violence and victimization of lesbians and gay men: Mental health consequences. In Herek GM, Berrill KT, editors. Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Newbury Park, CA: Sage 1992:207-26.
Garnets L, Herek GM, Levy B. Violence and victimization of lesbians and gay men: Mental health consequences. In: Garnets LD, Kummel DC, editors. Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experiences. Between Men–Between Women: Lesbian and Gay Studies. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993:486-99.
Garnets L, Kimmel D. Lesbian and gay male dimensions in the psychological study of human diversity. In: Garnets L, Jones JM, Kimmel D, Sue S, Tavris C, editors. Psychological Perspectives on Human Diversity in America. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1991.
Gartrell N, Hamilton J, Banks A, Mosbacher D, Reed N, Sparks C, Bishop H. The National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: 1. Interviewswith prospective mothers.AmJOrthopsychiatry 1996;66(2):272-81.
Gattari P, Rezza G, Zaccarelli M, Valenzi C, Tirelli U. HIV infection in drug using transvestites and transsexuals. Eur J Epidemiol 1991;7(6):711-2.
Gattari P, Spizzichino L, Valenzi C, Zaccarelli M, Rezza G. Behavioral patterns and HIV infection among drug using transvestites practicing prostitution in Rome. AIDS Care 1992; 4(1):83-7.
Gay and Lesbian Medical Association. Mission statement published on their Web page, www.glma.org, 1999.
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Health Access Project (GLBTHAP). Mission statement published on their Web page, www.glbthap.org, 1999.
Geddes V. Lesbian expectations and experiences with family doctors. Can Fam Physician 1994;40:908-20.
Geist R. Sexually related trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1988;6(3):439-66.
Gerbert B, Maguire B, Bleeker T, et al. Primary care physicians and AIDS. JAMA 1991;266:2837-42.
Gerrard M, Gibbons FX, Bushman BJ. Relation between perceived vulnerability to HIV and precautionary sexual behavior. Psychol Bull 1996;119(3):390-409.
Gluhoski VL, Fishman B, Perry SW. The impact of multiple bereavement in a gay male sample. AIDS Educ Prev 1997; 9(6):521-31.
Godin G, Savard J, Kok G, Fortin C, Boyer R. HIV seropositive gay men: Understanding adoption of safe sexual practices. AIDS Educ Prev 1996;8(6):529-45.
Golombok S, Brewaeys A, Cook R, Giavazzi MT, Guerra D, Mantovani A, van Hall E, Crosignani PG, Dexeus S. The European study of assisted reproduction families: Family functioning and child development. Hum Reprod 1996; 11(10):2324-31.
Golombok S, Tasker F. Donor insemination for single heterosexual and lesbian women: Issues concerning the welfare of the child. Hum Reprod 1994;9(11):1972-6.
Golombok S, Tasker F, Murray C. Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: Family relationships and the socioemotional development of children in lesbian and single heterosexual mothers.J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997;38(7): 783-91.
Gonsiorek JC. Mental health issues of gay and lesbian adolescents. J Adolesc Health Care 1988;9:114.
Gonsiorek JC. The empirical basis for the demise of the illness model of homosexuality. In: Gonsiorek JC, Weinrich JD, editors. Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1991.
Gonsiorek JC, Rudolph JR. Homosexual identity: Coming out and other developmental events. In: Gonsiorek JC, Weinrich JD, editors. Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1991.
Gonsiorek JC, Sell RL, Weinrich JD. Definition and measurement of sexual orientation. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav 1995; (Suppl):40-51.
Gooren L, Delemarre-van de Wall H. The feasibility of endocrine interventions in juvenile transsexuals. J Psychol Hum Sex 1996;8(4):69-74.
Gordon EB. Transsexual healing: Medicaid funding of sex reassignment surgery. Arch Sex Behav 1991;20(1):61-75.
Gover T. The other mothers. The Advocate Nov 26, 1996a;721:31.
Gover T. Fighting for our children. The Advocate Nov 26, 1996b;721:22.
Graham RP, Kirscht JP, Kessler RC, Graham S. Longitudinal study of relapse from AIDS-preventive behavior among homosexual men. Health Educ Behav 1998;25(5):625-39.
Green R, Fleming D. Transsexual surgery follow-up: Status in the 1990s. Annu Rev Sex Res 1990;1:163-74.
Gromb S, Chanseau B, Lazarini HJ. Judicial problems related to transsexualism. France Med Sci Law 1997;37(1):27-31.
Gundlach RH. Sexual molestation and rape reported by homosexual and heterosexual women. J Homosex 1977;2:367-84.
Gupta P, Mellors J, Kingsley L, Riddler S, Singh MK, Schreiber S, Cronin M, Rinaldo CR. High viral load in semen of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected men at all stages of disease and its reduction by therapy with protease and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Virol 1997;71(8): 6271-5.
Hall A, Dalahunt JW, Ellis PM. Anorexia nervosa in the male: Clinical features and follow-up of nine patients. J. Psychiatric Res 1985;19:315-21.
Hamers FF, Bueller HA, Peterman TA. Communication of HIV serostatus between potential sex partners in personal ads. AIDS Educ Prev 1997;9(1):42-8.
Harrison AE, Silenzio VMB. Comprehensive care of lesbian and gay patients and families. Primary Care 1996;23(1):31-46.
Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders. Dusseldorf: Symposion Publishing, 1998.
Harry J. A probability sample of gay males. J Homosex 1990;19: 89-104.
Harry J. Being out:Ageneral model. JHomosex 1993;26(1):25-39.
Hartmann U, Becker H, Rueffer-Hesse C. Self and gender: Narcissistic pathology and personality factors in gender dysphoric patients. Preliminary results of a prospective study. Int J Transgenderism 1997;1(1); available at www.symposion.com/ ijt/ijtc0103.htm.
Harvey SM, Carr C, Bernheine S. Lesbian mothers: Health care experiences. J Nurse Midwifery 1989;34(3):115-9.
Havemann J. New Jersey allows gays to adopt jointly; activists say settlement puts unmarried couples on equal footing. The Washington Post December 18, 1997:A1.
Haynes S. Breast cancer risk: Comparisons of lesbians and heterosexual women. In: Bowen DJ. Cancer and Cancer Risks Among Lesbians. Seattle, WA: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Community Liaison Program, 1995.
Hays RB, Kegeles SM, Coates TJ. Unprotected sex and HIV risktaking among young gay men within boyfriend relationships. AIDS Educ Prev 1997a;9(4):314-29.
Hays RB, Paul J, Ekstrand M, Kegeles SM, Stall R, Coates TJ. Actual versus perceived HIV status, sexual behaviors and predictors of unprotected sex among young gay and bisexual men who identify as HIV-negative, HIV-positive and untested. AIDS 1997b;11(12):1495-502.
Hayward R, Weissfeld J. Coming to terms with the era of AIDS: Attitudes of physicians in US residency programs. JGen Internal Med 1993;8:10-8.
Heckman TG, Kelly JA, Bogart LM, Kalichman SC, Rompa DJ. HIV risk differences between African-American and White men who have sex with men. J Natl Med Assoc 1999;91(2): 92-100.
Heckman TG, Kelly JA, Sikkema KJ, Roffman RR, Solomon LJ, Winett RA, Stevenson LY, Perry MJ, Normal AD, Desiderato LJ. Differences in HIV risk characteristics between bisexual and exclusively gay men. AIDS Educ Prev 1995;7(6):504-12.
Hefferman K. Sexual orientation as a factor in risk for binge eating and bulimia nervosa: A review. Int J Eating Disorders 1994; 16:335-47.
Hellman RE. Treatment of homosexual alcoholics in governmentfunded agencies: Provider training and attitudes. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1991;40(11):1163-8.
Herdt GM, editor. Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. New York: Zone Books, 1994.
Herek GM. Hate crimes against lesbians and gay men. Am Psychol 1989;44:948-55.
Herek GM. The context of anti-gay violence: Notes on cultural and psychological heterosexism. J Interpers Violence 1990;5: 316-33.
Herek GM. Stigma, prejudice, and violence against lesbians and gay men. In: Gonsiorek J, Weinrich J, editors. Homosexuality: Social, Psychological and Biological Issues, 2nd ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991.
Herek GM. Documenting prejudice against lesbians and gay men on campus: The Yale sexual orientation survey. J Homosex 1993;24(4):15-30.
Herek GM. Sexual prejudice: Survey research on heterosexual's attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Paper presented at a National Institute of Health Workshop: New Approaches to Research on Sexual Orientation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Rockville, Maryland, September 27–28, 1999.
Herek GM, Berrill KT, editors. Hate Crimes. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992.
Herman JL, Hirschman L. Families at risk for father-daughter incest. Am J Psychiatry 1981;138:967-70.
Herzog DB, Newman KL, Warshaw M. Body image dissatisfaction in homosexual and heterosexual males. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991;170:356-9.
Herzog DB, Norman DK, Gordon C, Pepose M. Sexual conflict and eating disorders in 27 males. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141: 989-90.
Hickson FC, Reid DS, Davies PM, Weatherburn P, Beardsell S, Keogh PG. No aggregate change in homosexual HIV risk behaviour among gay men attending the Gay Pride festivals, United Kingdom, 1993–1995. AIDS 1996;10(7):771-4.
Hoff CC, Coates TJ, Barrett DC, Collette L, Ekstrand M. Differences between gay men in primary relationships and single men: Implications for prevention. AIDS Educ Prev 1996; 8(6):546-59.
Hoff CC, McKusick L, Hilliard B, Coates TJ. The impact of HIV antibody status on gay men's partner preferences: A community perspective. AIDS Educ Prev 1992;4(3):197-204.
Hopcke RH. Midlife, gay men, and the AIDS epidemic. Quadrant 1992;25:101-9.
Hospers HJ, Kok G. Determinants of safe and risk-taking sexual behavior among gay men: A review. AIDS Educ Prev 1995; 7(1):74-96.
Hudson WW. The WALMYR Assessment Scales Scoring Manual. Tempe, AZ: WALMYR, 1992.
Hughes TL, Wilsnack SC. Use of alcohol among lesbians research and clinical implications. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1997;1:20-36.
Hunter ND, Michaelson SE, Stoddard TB. The Rights of Lesbians and Gay Men. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992.
Icard L. Black gay men and conflicting social identities: Sexual orientation versus racial identity. Social Work Educ 1986;9: 180-90.
Inciardi JA, Surratt HL. Male transvestite sex workers and HIV in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Drug Issues 1997;27:135-46.
Inui TS, Carter WB. Design issues in research on doctor–patient communication. In: Stewart M, Roter D, editors. Communicating with Medical Patients. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989: 197-210.
Island D, Letellier P. Men Who Beat the Men Who Love Them. Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press, 1991.
Israel GE, Tarver DE. Transgender Care: Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information, and Personal Accounts. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.
Jay K, Young A. The Gay Report: Lesbians and Gay Men Speak OutAbout Sexual Experiences and Lifestyles. New York: Summit Books, 1977.
Johnson SR, Smith SM, Guenther SM. Comparison of gynecologic health care problems between lesbians and bisexual women. J Reprod Med 1987;32(11):805-11.
Joint Policy Committee, American Public Health Association. Resolution to Recognize: The Need for Research on the Relationship Between Disease and Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: Author, November 18, 1998.
Jones CC, Waskin H, Gerety B, Skipper BJ, Hull HF, Mertz GJ. Persistence of high-risk sexual activity among homosexual men in an area of low incidence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Sex Transm Dis 1987;14(2):79-82.
Jones EE, Farina A, Hestrof AH, Markus H, Miller DT, Scott, RA. Social Stigma: The Psychology of Marked Relationships. New York: Freeman, 1984.
Jonsen AR, Stryker J. The Social Impact of AIDS in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993.
Kalichman SC. Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection in gay and bisexual men. Implications for the future of HIV prevention. Am J Prev Med 1998;15(2):120-7.
Kalichman SC, Greenberg J, Abel GG. HIV-seropositive men who engage in high-risk sexual behaviour: Psychological characteristics and implications for prevention. AIDS Care 1997a; 9(4):441-50.
Kalichman SC, Heckman T, Kelly JA. Sensation seeking as an explanation for the association between substance use and HIV-related risky sexual behavior. Arch Sex Behav 1996; 25(2):141-54.
Kalichman SC, Hospers HJ. Efficacy of behavioral-skills enhancement HIV risk-reduction interventions in community settings. AIDS 1997;11Suppl A):S181-2-S191-9.
Kalichman SC, Kelly JA, Morgan M, Rompa D. Fatalism, current life satisfaction, and risk for HIV infection among gay and bisexual men. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997b;65(4):542-6.
Kalichman SC, Kelly JA, Rompa D. Continued high-risk sex among HIV seropositive gay and bisexual men seeking HIV prevention services. Health Psychol 1997c;16(4):369-73.
Kalichman SC, Nachimson D. Self-efficacy and disclosure of HIVpositive serostatus to sex partners. Health Psychol 1999;18(3): 281-7.
Kalichman SC, Nachimson D, Cherry C, Williams E. AIDS treatment advances and behavioral prevention setbacks: Preliminary assessment of reduced perceived threat of HIV-AIDS. Health Psychol 1998a;17(6):546-50.
Kalichman SC, Roffman RA, Picciano JF, Bolan M. Risk for HIV infection among bisexual men seeking HIV-prevention services and risks posed to their female partners. Health Psychol 1998b;17(4):320-7.
Kalichman SC, Rompa D. Sexually coerced and noncoerced gay and bisexual men: Factors relevant to risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. J Sex Res 1995:32(1):45-50.
Kalichman SC, Schaper PE, Belcher L, Abush-Kirsh T, Cherry C, Williams EA, Nachimson D, Smith S. It's like a regular part of gay life: Repeat HIV antibody testing among gay and bisexual men. AIDS Educ Prev 1997e;9(3 Suppl):41-51.
Kass N, Flynn C, Jacobson L, Chmiel JS, Bing EG. Effect of race on insurance coverage and health service use for HIV-infected gay men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999;20(1):85-92.
Kaul DR, Cinti SK, Carver PL, Kaznjian, PH. HIV Protease inhibitors: Advances in therapy and adverse reactions, including metabolic complications. Pharmacotherapy 1999;19(3):281-99.
Kelly JA, Hoffman RG, Rompa D, Gray M. Protease inhibitor combination therapies and perceptions of gay men regarding AIDS severity and the need to maintain safer sex. AIDS 1998;12(10):F91-5.
Kelly JA, Kalichman SC. Reinforcement value of unsafe sex as a predictor of condom use and continued HIV/AIDS risk behavior among gay and bisexual men. Health Psychol 1998;(4):328-35.
Kelly JA, Murphy DA, Sikkema KJ, Kalichman SC. Psychological interventions to prevent HIV infections are urgently needed: New priorities for behavioral research in the second decade of AIDS. Am Psychol 1993;48:1023-34.
Kelly JA, Murphy DA, Sikkema KJ, McAuliffe TL, Roffman RA, Solomon LJ, Winett RA, Kalichman SC. Randomised, controlled, community-level HIV-prevention intervention for sexual-risk behaviour among homosexual men in US cities. Community HIV Prevention Research Collaborative. Lancet 1997;350(9090):1500-5.
Kemeny ME, Dean L. Effects of AIDS-related bereavement on HIV progression among New York City gay men. AIDS Educ Prev 1995;7(5 Suppl):36-47.
Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen H, Kendler KS. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8-19.
Kessler RC, Price RH, Wortman CB. Social factors in psychopathology: Stress, social support, and coping processes. Annu Rev Psychol 1985;36:531-72.
Kessler S. Lessons from the Intersexed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
Kilpatrick DG, Best CL, Saunders BE, Veronen LJ. Rape in marriage and in dating relationships: How bad is it for mental health? Ann NY Acad Sci 1988;528:335-44.
King M. Male rape: Victims need sensitive management. Br Med J 1990;201:1345-6.
Kingsley LA, Detels R, Kaslow R, Polk BF, Rinaldo CR Jr, Chmiel J, Detre K, Kelsey SF, Odaka N, Ostrow D, et al. Risk factors for seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus among male homosexuals. Results from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Lancet 1987;1(8529):345-9.
Kinsey AC, Pomery WB, Martin CE. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1948.
Kipnis K, Diamond M. Pediatric ethics and the surgical assignment of sex. J Clin Ethics 1998;9(4):398-410.
Kippax S, Campbell D, Van de Ven P, Crawford J, Prestage G, Knox S, Culpin A, Kaldor J, Kinder P. Cultures of sexual adventurism as markers of HIV seroconversion: A case control study in a cohort of Sydney gay men. AIDS Care 1998;10(6):677-88.
Kippax S, Noble J, Prestage G, Crawford JM, Campbell D, Baxter D, Cooper D. Sexual negotiation in the AIDS era: Negotiated safety revisited. AIDS 1997;11(2):191-7.
Kirk S. The Physician's Guide to Transgender Medicine. Blawnox, PA: Together Lifeworks, 1996.
Kirk S. Guidelines for selecting HIV positive patients for genital reconstructive surgery. Int J Transgenderism 1999;3(1, 2); available at www.symposion.com/ijt/hiv—risk/kirk.htm.
Klein F, Sepekoff B, Wolf TJ. Sexual orientation: A multi-variable dynamic process. J Homosex 1985;11:35-49.
Klinger RL, Stein TS. Impact of violence, childhood sexual abuse, and domestic violence and abuse on lesbians, bisexuals and gay men. In Cabaj, RF, Stein, TS, et al., editors. Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1996.
Knisley ER. Psychosocial factors relevant to homosexual men who were sexually abused as children and homosexual men who were not sexually abused as children: An exploratory-descriptive study. Diss Abstr Int 1992;53(6-B):3157.
Knowlton R, McCusker J, Stoddard A, Zapka J, Mayer K. The use of the CAGE questionnaire in a cohort of homosexually active men. J Stud Alcohol 1994;55:692-4.
Koblin BA, Hessol NA, Zauber AG, Taylor PE, Buchbinder SP, Katzh MH, Stevens CE. Increased incidence of cancer among homosexual men, New York City and San Francisco, 1978–1990. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:916-23.
Kok L, Ho M, Heng B, Ong Y. A psychological study of high risk subjects for AIDS. Singapore Med J 1990;31:573-82.
Koss MP, Gidycz CA, Wisniewski N. The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987;55:162-70.
Kral AH, Lorvick J, Bluthenthal RN, Watters JK. HIV risk profile of drug-using women who have sex with women in 19 United States cities. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 1997b;16(3):211-7.
Kral AH, Molnar BE, Booth RE, Watters JK. Prevalence of sexual risk behaviour and subtance use among runaway and homeless adolescents in San Francisco, Denver and New York City. Int J STD AIDS 1997a;8:109-17.
Kreiss JL, Patterson DL. Psychosocial issues in primary care of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. J Pediatric Health Care 1997;1:266-74.
Krieger N, Sidney S. Prevalence and health implication of antigay discrimination: A study of Black and White women and men in the CARDIA cohort. Int J Health Serv 1997;27(1): 157-76.
Kruks G. Gay and lesbian homeless/street youth: Special issues and concerns. J Adolesc Health 1991;12:515-8.
Kuiper B, Cohen-Kettinis P. Sex reassignment surgery: A study of 141 Dutch transsexuals.Arch Sex Behav 1988;17:439-57.
Kwong J, Mayer K, LaSalvia T, Church D, Peterson N, Pares-Avila J, Forstein M, Appelbaum J. Non-occupational HIV post exposure prophylaxis at a Boston community health center. Abstract, National HIV Prevention Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 1999.
Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund. Lesbian and Gay Men Seeking Custody and Visitation: An Overview of the State of the Law. New York: Author, 1996.
Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund. Adoption by Gay Men and Lesbians: An Overview of the Law in 50 States. New York: Author, 1997.
Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund. State-by-State Sodomy Law Update. New York: Author, 1999.
Landen M, Walinder J, Hambert G, Lundstrom B. Factors predictive of regret in sex reassignment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998;97(4):284-9.
Landen M, Walinder J, Lundstrom B. Prevalence, incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;93: 221-3.
Landis SE, Earp JL, Koch GG. Impact of HIV testing and counseling on subsequent sexual behavior. AIDS Educ Prev 1992;4(1):61-70.
Laumann O, Gagnon JH, Michael RT, Michael S. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Lawrence A, Shaffer J, Snow W, Chase C, Headlam B. Health care needs of transgendered patients. JAMA 1996;276:874.
Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer, 1984.
LeBlanc, S. 8 in 10: A Special Report of the Victim Recovery Program of the Fenway Community Health Center. Boston: Fenway Community Health Center, 1991.
Lee RM. Doing Research on Sensitive Topics. London: Sage, 1993.
Lemon SM, Thomas DL. Vaccines to prevent viral hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(3):196-204.
Leserman J, Jackson ED, Petitto JM, Golden RN, Silva SG, Perkins DO, Cai J, Folds JD, Evans DL. Progression to AIDS: The effects of stress, depressive symptoms, and social support. Psychosomat Med 1999;61(3):397-406.
Levine MP, Leonard R. Discrimination against lesbians in the work force. Signs 1984;9:700-10.
Leviton LC. Theoretical foundations of AIDS-prevention programs. In: Valdiserri RO, editor. Preventing AIDS:The Design of Effective Programs. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
Levy EF. Reproductive issues for lesbians. In: Peterson KJ, editor. Health Care for Lesbians and Gay Men: Confronting Homophobia and Heterosexism. New York: Harrington Park Press/ Haworth Press, 1996:49-58.
Lohrenz LJ, Connelly L, Coyne, Spare KE. J Stud Alcohol 1978; 39(11):1959-63.
Lombardi K. 'The Brady Bunch' no more: Families grow less traditional. The New York Times Oct 5, 1997:13WC28.
Lothstein L. Psychological testing with transsexuals: A 30-year review. J Personality Assess 1984;48(5):500-7.
Lowy E, Ross MW. “It'll never happen to me”: Gay men's beliefs, perceptions and folk constructions of sexual risk. AIDS Educ Prev 1994;6(6):467-82.
Lynch VJ, Lloyd GA, Fimbres MF, editors. The Changing Face of AIDS: Implications for Social Work Practice. Westport, CT: Auburn House, 1993.
Lyter DW, Thackeray BR, Rinaldo CR, Kingsley LA. Incidence of human immunodeficiency virus-related and nonrelated malignancies in a large cohort of homosexual men. J Clin Oncol 1995;10:2540-6.
Lyter DW, Valdiserri RO, Kingsley LA, Amoroso WP, Rinaldo CR Jr. The HIV antibody test: Why gay and bisexual men want or do not want to know their results. Public Health Rep 1987;102(5):468-74.
Marrazzo JM, Koutsky LA, Stine K, Kuypers J, Grubert TA, Galloway DA, Kiviat NB, Handsfield HH. Genital human papillomavirus infection in women who have sex with women. J Infect Dis (in press).
Martin AM, Hetrick ES. The stigmatization of the gay and lesbian adolescent. In: Martin A, editor. The Lesbian and Gay Parenting Handbook. New York: Harper, 1993.
Martin JL. Drinking patterns and drinking problems in a community sample of gay men. In: Seminara D, Pawloswski A, editors. Alcohol, Immunomodulation, and AIDS. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1990:27-34.
Martin JL, Dean L. Developing a community sample of gay men for an epidemiological study of AIDS. Am Behav Sci 1990;33(5):546-61.
Martin JN, Ganem DE, Osmond DH, Page-Shafer KA, Macrae D, Kedes DH. Sexual transmission and the natural history of human herpesvirus 8 infection. N Engl J Med 1998;338:948-54.
Mason-Schrock D. Transsexuals' narrative construction of the “true self.” Soc Psychol Q 1996;59(3):176-92.
Mate-Kole C, Freschi M, Robin A. A controlled study of psychological and social changes after surgical gender reassignment in selected male transsexuals. Br J Psychiatry 1990;157:261-4.
Mathews WC, Booth MW, Turner JD, et al. Physicians' attitudes toward homosexuality—Survey of a California County Medical Society. West J Med 1986;144:106.
Mayer K. Statement at CDC Prevention Conference, 1999.
Mayne TJ, Acree M, Chesney MA, Folkman S. HIV sexual risk behavior following bereavement in gay men. Health Psychol 1998;17(5):403-11.
Mayne TJ, Vittinghoff E, Chesney MA, Barrett DC, Coates TJ. Depressive affect and survival among gay and bisexual men infected with HIV. Arch Internal Med 1996;156(19):2233-8.
McCusker J, Stoddard AM, Mayer KH, Cowan DN, Groopman JE. Behavioral risk factors for HIV infection among homosexual men at a Boston community health center. Am J Public Health 1988a;78(1):68-71.
McCusker J, Stoddard AM, Mayer KH, Zapka J, Morrison C, Saltzman SP. Effects of HIV antibody test knowledge on subsequent sexual behaviors in a cohort of homosexually active men. Am J Public Health 1988b;78(4):462-7.
McDonnell WM, Askari FK. Immunization. JAMA 1997;278(22):2000-7.
McGrath E, Keita GP, Strickland BR, Russo NF. Women and Depression: Risk Factors and Treatment Issues. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1990.
McKirnan DJ, Ostrow DG, Hope B. Sex, drugs and escape: A psychological model of HIV-risk sexual behaviours. AIDS Care 1996;8(6):655-69.
McKirnan DJ, Peterson PL. Alcohol and drug use among homosexual men and women: Epidemiology and population characteristics. Addict Behav 1989;14:545-53.
McKusick L, Hoff CC, Stall R, Coates TJ. Tailoring AIDS prevention: Differences in behavioral strategies among heterosexual and gay bar patrons in San Francisco. AIDS Educ Prev 1991;3(1):1-9.
Meiselman K. Incest. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978.
Melbye M, Palefsky J, Gonzales J, Ryder LP, Nielsen H, Bergmann O, Pinborg J, Biggar RJ. Immune status as a determinant of human papillomavirus detection and its association with anal epithelial abnormalities. Int J Cancer 1990;46:203-6.
Melbye M, Rabkin C, Frisch M, Biggar RJ. Changing patterns of anal cancer incidence in the United States, 1940–1989. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139(8):772-80.
Melton GB. Public policy and private prejudice: Psychology and law on gay rights. Am Psychol 1989;44:933-40.
Meyer I. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J Health Soc Behav 1995;36(1):38-56.
Meyer IH, Colten ME. Sampling gay men: Random digit dialing versus sources in the gay community. J Homosex 1999;37(4): 99-110.
Meyer IH, Dean L. Patterns of sexual behavior and risk-taking among young New York City gay men. AIDS Educ Prev 1995;7(5 Suppl):13-23.
Meyer IH, Dean L. Internalized homophobia, intimacy, and sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men. In: Herek GM, editor. Stigma, Prejudice, and Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1998.
Midence K, Hargreaves I. Psychosocial adjustment in male-tofemale transsexuals: An overview of the research evidence. J Psychol 1997;131(6);602-14.
Miller B, Humphreys L. Lifestyles and violence: Homosexual victims of assault and murder. Qualitative Sociol 1980;3(3):169-85.
Miller GE, Cole SW. Social relationships and the progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection: A review of evidence and possible underlying mechanisms. Ann Behav Med 1998;20(3):181-9.
Miller GE, Kemeny ME, Taylor SE, Cole SW, Visscher BR. Social relationships and immune processes in HIV seropositive gay and bisexual men. Ann Behav Med 1997;19(2):139-51.
Miller RL, Klotz D, Eckholdt HM. HIV prevention with male prostitutes and patrons of hustler bars: Replication of an HIV preventive intervention. Am J Commun Psychol 1998;26(1): 97-131.
Millman M. Access to Health Care in America. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993.
Minkowitz D. It's still open season on gays. The Nation March 23, 1992:358-370.
Moscicki, E. Gender differences in completed and attempted suicides. Ann Epidemiol 1994;4:152-8.
Modan B, Goldschmidt R. Rubenstein E, Vonsover A, Zinn M, Golan R, Chetrit A, Gottliev-Stematzky T. Prevalence of HIV antibodies in transsexual and female prostitutes. Am J Public Health 1992;82(4):590-2.
Molitor F, Truax SR, Ruiz JD, Sun RK. Association of methamphetamine use during sex with risky sexual behaviors and HIV infection among non-injection drug users. West J Med 1998;168(2):93-7.
Moraga C. Waiting in the Wings: Portrait of a Queer Motherhood. Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1997.
Morales ES, Graves MA. Substance Abuse: Patterns and Barriers to Treatment for Gay Men and Lesbians in San Francisco. Report to Community Substance Abuse Services, Department of Public Health, City and County of San Francisco, 1983.
Moran N. Lesbian health care needs. Can Fam Physician 1996;42:879-84.
Morgan KS. Caucasian lesbians' use of psychotherapy. Psychol Women Q 1992:16:127-30.
Morgan KS, Eliason MJ. The role of psychotherapy in Caucasian lesbians' lives. Women Ther 1992;13:27-52.
Morin SF. Heterosexual bias in psychological research on lesbianism and male homosexuality. Am Psychol 1977;3:629-37.
Morris M, Zavisca J, Dean L. Social and sexual networks: Their role in the spread of HIV/AIDS among young gay men. AIDS Educ Prev 1995;7(5 Suppl):24-35.
Muehrer P. Suicide and sexual orientation: A critical summary of recent research and directions for future research. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav 1995;25(Suppl):72-81.
Murphy DA, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Reid HM. Adolescent gender differences in HIV-related sexual risk acts, social-cognitive factors and behavioral skills. J Adolesc 1998;21(2):197-208.
Myers HF, Satz P, Miller BE, Bing EG, Evans G, Richardson MA, Forney D, Morgenstern H, Saxton E, D'Elia L, Longshore D, Mena I. The African-American Health Project (AAHP): Study overview and select findings on high risk behaviors and psychiatric disorders in African American men. Ethnicity Health 1997;2(3):183-96.
Nakashima E. Virginia judge denies lesbian custody, citing TV movie. The Washington Post 1996:D6.
Nardi P. Alcoholism and homosexuality:Atheoretical perspective. In: Pittman D, White HR, editors. Society, Culture, and Drinking Patterns Reexamined. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center for Alcohol Studies, 1991: 285-305.
Nardi PM, Bolton R. Gay-bashing: violence and aggression among gay men and lesbians. In: Baenninger R, editor. Targets of Violence and Aggression. Amsterdam: Elsevier–North Holland, 1991:349-501.
National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Anti-Gay/Lesbian Victimization: A Study by the National Gay Task Force in Cooperation with Gay and Lesbian Organizations in Eight U.S. Cities. Washington, DC: Authors, 1984 [Available from the NGLTF, 1734 14th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20009].
National Institutes of Health. Interventions to prevent HIV risk behaviors. Consensus Statement 1997;15(2):1-41.
National Institutes of Mental Health. Comorbid mental disorders and HIV/STD prevention. RFA: MH-99-008, 1999.
Ndimbie OK, Kingsley LA, Nedjar S, Rinaldo CR. Hepatitis C virus infection in amale homosexual cohort: Risk factor analysis. Genitourin Med 1996;72(3):213-6.
Nelson JL. The silence of the bioethicists: Ethical and political aspects of managing gender dysphoria. GLQ 1998;4(2): 213-30.
Nemoto T, Luke D, Mamo L, Ching A, Patria J. HIV risk behaviors among male-to-female transgender in comparison with homosexual or bisexual males and heterosexual female. AIDS Care 1999;II(3):297-312.
Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Resnick MD, Blum RW. Lessons learned about adolescent nutrition from the Minnesota Adolescent Health Survey. J Am Dietet Assoc 1998;98:1449-56.
Newman B, Muzzonigro P. The effects of traditional family values on the coming out process of gay male adolescents. Adolescence 1993;28(109):213-26.
Niveau G, Ummel M, Harding T. Human rights aspects of transsexualism. Health Hum Rights 1999;4(1):135-61.
Noh S, Chandarana P, Field V, Posthuma B. AIDS epidemic, emotional strain, coping and psychological distress in homosexual men. AIDS Educ Prev 1990;2(4):272-83.
Norman AD, Perry MJ, Stevenson LY, Kelly JA, Roffman RA. Lesbian and bisexual women in small cities—At risk for HIV? HIV Prevention Community Collaborative. Public Health Rep 1996;111(4):347-52.
Odets W. Why we stopped doing primary prevention for gay men in 1985. In Colter EG, Hoffman W, Pendleton E, et al., editors. Policing Public Sex: Queer Politics and the Future of AIDS Activism. Boston: South End Press, 1996.
Oetjen H, Rothblum ED. When lesbians aren't gay: Factors affecting depression among lesbians. J Homosex (in press).
O'Hanlan K, Cabaj RB, Schatz B, Lock J, Nemrow P. A review of the medical consequences of homophobia with suggestions for resolution. J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 1997;1(1):25-40.
Okun BF. Understanding Diverse Families: What Practitioners Need to Know. New York: Guilford Press, 1996.
Olivardia R, Pope HG, Mangweth B, Hudson JI. Eating disorders in college men. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1279-85.
O'Neill JF, Shalit P. Health care of the gay male patient. Primary Care 1992;19(1):191-201.
Ostrow MJ, Cornelisse PG, Heath KV, Craib KJ, Schechter MT, O'Shaughnessy M, Montaner JS, Hogg RS. Determinants of complementary therapy use in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral or anti-opportunistic agents. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1997;15(2):115-20.
Pakenham KI. Specification of social support behaviours and network dimensions along the HIV continuum for gay men. Patient Educ Counsel 1998;34(2):147-57.
Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, Jay N. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIVnegative homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1998;177:361-7.
Pan LZ, Sheppard HW, Winkelstein W, Levy JA. Lack of detection of human immunodeficiency virus in persistently seronegative homosexual men with high or medium risks for infection. J Infect Dis 1991;164(5):962-4.
Pang H, Pugh K, Catalan J. Gender identity disorder and HIV disease. Int J STD AIDS 1994;5:130-2.
Paradis BA. Seeking intimacy and integration: Gay men in the era of AIDS. Smith College Stud Social Work 1991;61:260-74.
Patterson CJ. Children of the lesbian baby boom: Behavioral adjustments, self-concepts and sex-role identity. In: Greene B, Herek G, editors. Lesbian and Gay Psychology: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994:156-175.
Patterson CJ. Lesbian and gay families with children: Implications of social science research for policy. J Social Issues 1996; 52(3):29.
Patterson CJ. Lesbian and gay parents and their children. Paper presented at a National Institute of Health Workshop: New Approaches to Research on Sexual Orientation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Rockville, Maryland, September 27–28 1999.
Paul J, Stall R, Bloomfield K. Gay and alcoholic: Epidemiologic and clinical issues. Alcohol Health Res World 1991;15(2): 151-7.
Paul JP, Stall R, Davis F. Sexual risk for HIV transmission among gay/bisexual men in substance-abuse treatment. AIDS Educ Prev 1993;5(1):11-24.
Pennbridge JN, Freese TE, MacKenzie RG. High-risk behaviors among male street youth in Hollywood, California. AIDS Educ Prev 1992 (Suppl):24-33.
Perkins DO, Leserman J, Murphy C, Evans DL. Psychosocial predictors of high-risk sexual behavior among HIV-negative homosexual men. AIDS Educ Prev 1993;5(2):141-52.
Petersen ME, Dickey R. Surgical sex reassignment:Acomparative survey of international centers. Arch Sex Behav 1995; 24(2):135-56.
Peterson JL, Coates TJ, Catania JA, Hilliard B, Middleton L, Hearst N. Help-seeking for AIDS high-risk sexual behavior among gay and bisexual African-American men. AIDS Educ Prev 1995;7(1):1-9.
Peterson J, Zevin B, Brody B. Characteristics of transgender persons attending a public clinic. In: Abstracts of the Annual Conference of the American Public Health Association, 1996.
Pfaffln F, Junge A. Sex Reassignment: Thirty Years of International Follow-Up Studies after SRS—A Comprehensive Review, 1961–1991 Stuttgart: Schattauer, 1992 [In German; English translation (1998) available at http:/ /209.143.139.183/ ijtbooks/pfaefflin/1000.asp].
Phillips KD, Sowell RL, Misener TR. Relationships among HIV risk beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in sexually active, seronegative gay men. Nurs Connect 1998;11(1):5-24.
Pies C. Considering Parenthood. San Francisco: Spinsters/Aunt Lute Press, 1988.
Pillard RC. Sexual orientation and mental disorder. Psychiatric Ann 1998;18(1):52-6.
Plumb M. A call for a progressive research agenda. Paper presented at the Lesbian and Bisexual Women's Health Research Forum, Fenway Community Health Center, Boston, 1998.
Pollikoff NN. This child has two mothers: Redefining parenthood to meet the needs of children of lesbian mothers and other nontraditional families. Georgetown Law Rev 1990:459-575.
Pope HG, Hudson JI, Jonas JM. Bulimia in men:Aseries of fifteen cases. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986;174:117-9.
Posner SF, Marks G. Prevalence of high-risk sex among HIVpositive gay and bisexual men: A longitudinal analysis. Am J Prev Med 1996;12(6):472-7.
Povinelli M, Remafedi G, Tao G. Trends and predictors of human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing by homosexual and bisexual adolescent males, 1989–1994. Arch Pediatrics Adolesc Med 1996;150(1):33-8.
Preves SE. For the sake of the children: Destigmatizing intersexuality. J Clin Ethics 1998;9(4):411-20.
Prieur A. Norwegian gay men: Reasons for continued practice of unsafe sex. AIDS Educ Prev 1990;2(2):109-15.
Rabkin CS, Biggar RJ, Horn JW. Increasing incidence of cancers associated with the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. Int J Cancer 1991;47:692-6.
Raiteri R, Baussano I, Giobbia M, Fora R, Sinicco A. Lesbian sex and risk of HIV transmission [Letter]. AIDS 1998;12(4):450-1.
Raiteri R, Fora R, Gioannini P, et al. Seroprevalence, risk factors and attitude to HIV-1 in a representative sample of lesbians in Turin. Genitourin Med 1994;70:200-5.
Ramirez J, Suarez E, de la Rosa G, Castro MA, Zimmerman MA. AIDS knowledge and sexual behavior among Mexican gay and bisexual men. AIDS Educ Prev 1994;6(2):163-74.
Rand C, Graham DL, Rawlings EI. Psychological health and factors the court seeks to control in lesbian mother custody trials. J Homosex 1982;8(1):27-39.
Ratnam KV. Awareness of AIDS among transsexual prostitutes in Singapore. Singapore Med J 1986;27(6):519-21.
Reed GM, Kemeny ME, Taylor SE, Visscher BR. Negative HIVspecific expectancies and AIDS-related bereavement as predictors of symptom onset in asymptomatic HIV-positive gay men. Health Psychol 1999;18(4):354-63.
Rehman J, Lazer S, Benet AE, Schaefer LC, Melman A. The reported sex and surgery satisfaction of 28 postoperative maleto-female transsexual patients. Arch Sex Behav 1999;28(1); 71-89.
Reiner WG. To be male or female—that is the question. Arch Pediatric Adolesc Med 1997;151:224-5.
Reinfeld MR. The Gay Men's Health Crisis: A model for community based intervention. In: VanVugt JP, editor. AIDS Prevention Services. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 1994.
Reiter GS. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in America, 1981 to 1997: Epidemiologic and therapeutic considerations. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1998;19(2):122-7.
Reitman D, St. Lawrence JS, Jefferson KW, Alleyne E, Brasfield TL, Shirley A. Predictors of African American adolescents' condom use and HIV risk behavior. AIDS Educ Prev 1996;8(6):499-515.
Remafedi G. Fundamental issues in the care of homosexual youth. Med Clin North Am 1990;74:1169-77.
Remafedi G. The University of Minnesota Youth and AIDS Projects' Adolescent Early Intervention Program:Amodel to link HIV-seropositive youth with care. J Adolesc Health 1998; 23(2 Suppl):115-21.
Remafedi G, Farrow JA, Deischer RW. Risk factors for attempted suicide in gay and bisexual youth. Pediatrics 1991;87:869-75.
Remafedi G, French S, Story M, Resnick MD, Blum R. The relationship between suicide risk and sexual orientation: Results of a population-based study. Am J Public Health 1998; 88(1):57-60.
Renzetti CM. Violent betrayal: Partner abuse in lesbian relationships. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992.
Renzetti CM, Lee RM, editors. Researching Sensitive Topics. London: Sage, 1993.
Renzetti CM, Miley CH. Violence and Gay and Lesbian Domestic Partnerships. New York: Hearth Park Press, 1997.
Rich GL, Fowler RC, Young D, Blenkush M. San Diego suicide study: Comparison of gay to straight males. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav 1986;16(4):448-57.
Rietmeijer CA, Wolitski RJ, Fishbein M, Corby NH, Cohn DL. Sex hustling, injection drug use, and non-gay identification by men who have sex with men. Associations with high-risk sexual behaviors and condom use. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25(7):353-60.
Robertson AE. The mental health experiencs of gay men: A research study exploring gay men's health needs. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 1998;5(1):33-40.
Robertson P, Schacter J. Failure to identify venereal disease in a lesbian population. Sex Transm Dis 1981;8(2):75-6.
Robins AG, Dew MA, Davidson S, Penkower L, Becker JT, Kingsley L. Psychosocial factors associated with risky sexual behavior among HIV-seropositive gay men. AIDS Educ Prev 1994;6(6):483-92.
Robins AG, Dew MA, Kingsley LA, Becker JT. Do homosexual and bisexual men who place others at potential risk for HIV have unique psychological problems? AIDS Educ Prev 1997;9(3):239-51.
Robins LE, Regier DA. Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press, 1991.
Robinson PH, Holden NL. Bulimia nervosa in the male: A report of nine cases. Psychol Med 1986;16:795-803.
Roffman RA, Stephen RS, Curtin L, Gordon JR, Craver JN, Stern M, Beadnell B, Downey L. Relapse prevention as an interventive model for HIV risk reduction in gay and bisexual men. AIDS Educ Prev 1998;10(1):1-18.
Rogers L, Resnick M, Mitchell J, Blum R. The relationship between socioeconomic status and eating-disordered behaviors in a community sample of adolescents girls. Int J Eating Disorders 1997;22:15-27.
Rosario M, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Reid H. Gay-related stress and its correlates among gay and bisexual male adolescents of predominantly Black and Hispanic background. J Commun Psychol 1996;24:136-59.
Ross MW, Rosser BR. Measurement and correlates of internalized homophobia: A factor analytic study. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996;52(1):15-21.
Rotello G. Transgendered like me. The Advocate December 1996;10;88.
Rothblum ED. “I only read about myself on bathroom walls”: The need for research on the mental health of lesbians and gay men.J Consult Clin Psychol 1994;62(2):213-20.
Rotheram-Borus MJ, Gillis JR, Reid H M, Fernandez MI, Gwadz M. HIV testing, behaviors, and knowledge among adolescents at high risk. J Adolesc Health 1997;20(3):216-25.
Rotheram-Borus MJ, Koopman C. Sexual risk behavior, AIDS knowledge, and beliefs about AIDS among predominantly minority gay and bisexual male adolescents. AIDS Educ Prev 1991;3(4):305-12.
Rotheram-Borus MJ, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Rosario M, Koopman C, Haignere CS, Exner TM, Matthieu M, Henderson R, Gruen RS. Lifetime sexual behaviors among predominantly minority male runaways and gay/bisexual adolescents in New York City. AIDS Educ Prev 1992(Suppl):34-42.
Rovella D. Using family values to expand lesbian rights. Nat Law J 25,1997;19(52):A7.
Russell DEH. The prevalence and incidence of forcible rape and attempted rape of females. Victimology 1982;7,81-93.
Russell DEH. Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and Sexual Harassment. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage: 1984.
Ryan C, Futterman D. Lesbian and Gay Youth: Care and Counseling. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
Ryan CC, Bradford JB, Honnold JA. Social workers' and counselors' understanding of lesbians. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv 1999;9(4):1-26.
Ryan CM, Huggins J, Beatty R. Substance use disorders and the risk of HIV infection in gay men. J Stud Alcohol 1999; 60(1):70-7.
Sacco WP, Rickman RL. AIDS-relevant condom use by gay and bisexual men: The role of person variables and the interpersonal situation. AIDS Educ Prev 1996;8(5):430-43.
Saddul RB. Coming out: An overlooked concept. Clin Nurse Specialist 1996;10(1):2-5.
Saewyc EM, Bearinger LH, Heinz PA, Blum RW, Resnick MD. Gender differences in health and risk behaviors among bisexual and homosexual adolescents. J Adolesc Health 1998;23: 181-8.
Saghir MT, Robins E. Male and Female Homosexuality:AComprehensive Investigation. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1973.
San Francisco Human Rights Commission. An Investigation of Discrimination Against Transgender People: A Report by the Human Rights Commission. San Francisco: City and County of San Francisco, 1994.
Sanitioso R. A social psychological perspective on HIV/AIDS and gay or homosexually active Asian men. J Homosex 1999; 36(3-4):69-85.
Saunders JM. Health problems of lesbian women. Nurs Clin North Am 1999;34(2):381-91.
Savin-Williams RC. Verbal and physical abuse as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay males and bisexual youths: Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution and suicide. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994;62:261-9.
Scarce M. Male on Male Rape. New York: Plenum Press, 1997.
Scarce M. Smearing the Queer: Medical Bias in the Health Care of Gay Men. New York: Haworth Press, 1999.
Schatz B, O'Hanlan K. Anti-Gay Discrimination in Medicine: Results of a National Survey of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Physicians. San Francisco: American Association of Physicians for Human Rights/Gay Lesbian Medical Association, 1994.
Schilit R, Lie G, Montagne M. Substance use as a correlate of violence in intimate lesbian relationships. J Homosex 1990; 19:51-65.
Schneider JA, Agras WS. Bulimia in males: A matched comparison with females. Int J Eating Disorders 1987;6:235-42.
Schneider SG, Farberow NL, Kruks GN. Suicidal behavior in adolescent and young adult gay men. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav 1989;19(4):381-94.
Seage GR, et al. The relation between nitrate inhalants, unprotected receptive anal intercourse and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Epidemiol 1992:135(20): 1-11.
Seage GR 3rd, Mayer KH, Wold C, Lenderking WR, Goldstein R, Cai B, Gross M, Heeren T, Hingson R. The social context of drinking, drug use, and unsafe sex in the Boston Young Men Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1998;17(4):368-75.
Seil D. Transsexuals: The boundaries of sexual identify and gender. In: Cabaj RP, Stein TS, editors. Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1996.
Sell RL. The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation: Background and scoring. J Lesbian Gay Bisexual Identity 1996;1(4): 295-310.
Sell RL. Defining and measuring sexual orientation: A review. Arch Sex Behav 1997;26(6):643-58.
Sell RL, Petrulio C. Sampling homosexuals, bisexuals, gays and lesbians for public health research: A review of the literature from 1990–1992. J Homosex 1996;30(4):31-47.
Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D. The prevalence of homosexuality in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France: Results of population-based surveys. Arch Sex Behav 1995;24(3): 235-48.
Serlo KL, Aavarinne H. Attitudes of university students towards HIV/AIDS. J Advanced Nurs 1999;29(2):463-70.
Shade BJ. Coping with color: The anatomy of positive mental health. In: Ruiz DS, editor. Handbook of Mental Health and Mental Disorder Among Black Americans. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.
Shaffer D, Fisher P, Hicks RH, Parides M, Gould M. Sexual orientation in adolescents who commit suicide. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav 1995;25:64-71.
Shah D, Thornton S, Burgess AP. Sexual Risk Cognitions Questionnaire: A reliability and validity study. AIDS Care 1997; 9(4):471-80.
Shively MG, DeCecco JP. Components of sexual identity. JHomosex 1977;3:41-8.
Shively MG, Jones C, DeCecco JP. Research on sexual orientation: Definitions and methods. In: DeCecco JP, Shively MG, editors. Origins of Sexuality and Homosexuality. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1985.
Shoop JG. Lesbian partner can sue for visitation rights. Trial 1997;10:17.
Sieber JE, Stanley B. Ethical and professional dimensions of socially sensitive research. Am Psychol 1988;43:49-55.
Siegel K, Krauss B, Karus D. Reporting recent sexual practices: Gay men's disclosure of HIV risk by questionnaire and interview. Arch Sex Behav 1994;23(2):217-30.
Siegel K, Meyer IH. Hope and resilience in suicide ideation and behavior of gay and bisexual men following notification of HIV infection. AIDS Educ Prev 1999;11(1):53-64.
Siegel K, Raveis VH, Karus D. Illness-related support and negative network interactions: Effects on HIV-infected men's depressive symptomatology. Am J Commun Psychol 1997;25(3): 395-420.
Siegel K, Raveis VH, Krauss BJ. Factors associated with urban gay men's treatment initiation decisions for HIV infection. AIDS Educ Prev1992;4(2):135-42.
Siever MD. Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994;62:252-60.
Silberstein LR, Mishkind ME, Streigel-Moore RH, Timko C, Rodin J. Men and their bodies: A comparison of homosexual and heterosexual men. Psychosomat Med 1989;51:337-46.
Silvestre AJ. Brokering: A process for establishing long-term and stable links with gay male communities for research and public health education. AIDS Educ Prev 1994;6(1):65-73.
Simoni JM, Mason HR, Marks G. Disclosing HIV status and sexual orientation to employers. AIDS Care 1997;9(5):589-99.
Skinner WF. The prevalence and demographic predictors of illicit and licit drug use among lesbians and gay men. Am J Public Health 1994;84(8):1307-10.
Skinner WF, Otis MD. Drug and alcohol use among lesbian and gay people in a southern U.S. sample: Epidemiological, comparative, and methodological findings from the Trilogy Project. J Homosex 1996;30(3):59-92.
Slater S. The Lesbian Family Life Cycle. New York: Free Press, 1995.
Smith EM, Johnson SR, Guenther SM. Health care attitudes and experiences during gynecologic care among lesbians and bisexuals. Am J Public Health 1985;75:1085.
Smith R. CDC funds study on lesbians and HIV. Washington Blade January 14, 2000:A1.
Smith S, McClaugherty LO. Adolescent homosexuality:Aprimary care perspective. Am Fam Physician 1994;48:33-6.
Smith TW. Adult sexual behavior in 1989; number of partners, frequency of intercourse and risk of AIDS. Fam Plann Perspect 1991;23(3):102-7.
Solarz AL, editor. Lesbian Health: Current Assessment and Directions for the Future. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, 1999.
Sorenson SB, Stein JA, Siegal JM, Golding JM, Burnam MA. The prevalence of adult sexual assault: The Los Angeles Epidemiologic Catchment Area Project. Am J Epidemiol 1987;126: 1154-64.
Sowell RL, Lindsey C, Spicer T. Group sex in gay men: Its meaning and HIV prevention implications. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 1998;9(3):59-71.
Stall R. Personal communication with Randall L. Sell reporting early findings from the Gay Urban Men's Study.
Stall R, Ekstrand M, Pollack L, McKusick L, Coates T. Relapse from safer sex: The next challenge for AIDS prevention efforts. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990;3(12):1181-7.
Stall RD, Greenwood GL, Acree M, Paul J, Coates TJ. Cigarette smoking among gay and bisexual men. Am J Public Health 1999;89(12):1875-8.
Stall R, Hoff C, Coates TJ, Paul J, Phillips KA, Ekstrand M, Kegeles S, Catania J, Daigle D, Diaz R. Decisions to get HIV tested and to accept antiretroviral therapies among gay/ bisexual men: Implications for secondary prevention efforts. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1996;11(2):151-60.
Stall R, McKusick L, Wiley J, Coates T, Ostrow D. Alcohol and drug use during sexual activity and compliance with safe sex guidelines for AIDS: The AIDS Behavioral Research Project. Health Educ Q 1986;13(4):359-71.
Stall R, Wiley J. A comparison of alcohol and drug use patterns of homosexual and heterosexual men: The San Francisco Men's Health Study. Drug Alcohol Depend 1988;22:63-73.
Staton M, Leukefeld C, Logan TK, Zimmerman R, Lynam D, Milich R, Martin C, McClanahan K, Clayton R. Risky sex behavior and substance use among young adults. Health Social Work 1999;24(2):147-54.
Stevens PE. Structural and interpersonal impact of heterosexual assumptions on lesbian health care clients. Nurs Res 1995; 44(1):25-30.
Stokes JP, Peterson JL. Homophobia, self-esteem, and risk for HIV among African American men who have sex with men. AIDS Educ Prev 1998;10(3):278-92.
Strathdee SA, Hogg RS, Martindale SL, Cornelisse PG, Craib KJ, Montaner JS, O'Shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT. Determinants of sexual risk-taking among young HIV-negative gay and bisexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1998; 19(1):61-6.
Straus MA, Gelles RJ, editors. Physical violence in American families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1990.
Streiner DL, Norman GR. Health Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Sudman S. Applied Sampling. New York: Academic Press, 1976.
Sudman S, Sirken MG, Cowan CD. Sampling rare and elusive populations. Science 1988;240:991-6.
Surgenor LJ, Fear JL. Eating disorder in a transgendered patient: A case report. Int J Eating Disorders 1998;24:449-52.
Thoits P. Self-labeling processes in mental illness: The role of emotional deviance. Am J Sociol 1985;91:221-249.
Tirelli U, Vaccher E, Covre P, Corso C, Serraino D, Rezza G. Condom use among transvestites in Italy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991;4(3):302-3.
Torian LV, Weisfuse IB, Makki HA, Benson DA, DiCamillo LM, Patel PR, Toribio FE. Trends in HIV seroprevalence in men who have sex with men: NewYork City Department of Health sexually transmitted disease clinics, 1988–1993. AIDS 1996;10(2):187-92.
Trippet SE, Bain J. Reasons American lesbians fail to seek traditional health care. Health Care Women Int 1992;13:145.
Tross S, Hirsch D, Rabkin B, et al. Determinants of current psychiatric disorders in AIDS spectrum patients. In: Programs and Abstracts of the Third International Conference on AIDS. Washington, DC, 1987.
Tsoi WF. Developmental profiles of 200 male and 100 female transsexuals in Singapore. Arch Sex Behav 1990;19(6): 595-605.
Turnbull JD, Freeman CPL, Barry F, et al. Physical and psychological characteristics of five male bulimics. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:25-9.
Ungvarski PJ, Grossman AH. Health problems of gay and bisexual men. Nurs Clin North Am 1999;34(2):313-31.
Vachon R. Lesbian and gay public health: Old issues, new approaches. In: Shernoff M, Scott WA, editors. The Sourcebook on Lesbian/Gay Health Care. Washington, DC: National Lesbian/Gay Health Foundation, 1988.
Valanis B, Bowen DJ, Bassford T, Whitlock E, Chaney P, Carter R. Sexual orientation and health: Comparison in the Women's Health Initiative samples, Arch Internal Med (in press).
Van de Ven P, Campbell D, Kippax S, Knox S, Prestage G, Crawford J, Kinder P, Cooper D. Gay men who engage repeatedly in unprotected anal intercourse with casual partners: The Sydney Men and Sexual Health Study. Int J STD AIDS 1998a; 9(6):336-40.
Van de Ven P, Prestage G, French J, Knox S, Kippax S. Increase in unprotected anal intercourse with casual partners among Sydney gay men in 1996–98. Aust N Z J Public Health 1998b; 22(7):814-8.
Van Kesteren PJM, Asscheman H, Megens JAJ, Gooren LJG. Mortality and morbidity in transsexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clin Endocrinol 1997;47:337-42.
Van Vugt JP. The effectiveness of community based organizations in the medical social sciences: A case study of a gay community's response to the AIDS crisis. In: VanVugt JP, editor. AIDS Prevention Services. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 1994.
Verhovek SH, Homosexual foster parent sets off a debate in Texas; case worker labeled lesbian a criminal. The New York Times Nov 30, 1997;147:10.
Verschoor AM, Poortinga J. Psychosocial differences between Dutch male and female transsexuals. Arch Sex Behav 1988; 17:173-8.
Villalba N, Gomez-Cano M, Holguin A, Soriano V. Multiple drug resistance genotype causing failure of antiretroviral treatment in an HIV-infected patient heavily exposed to nucleoside analogues. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;18(5):372-5.
Vincke J, Bolton R, Mak R, Blank S. Coming out and AIDSrelated high risk sexual behavior. Arch Sex Behav 1993;22(6): 559-86.
Vittinghoff E, Douglas J, Judson F, McKirnan D, MacQueen K, Buchbinder SP. Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners.Am J Epidemiol 1999;150(3):306-11.
Von Schulthess B. Violence in the streets: Anti-lesbian assault and harassment in San Francisco. In: Herek GM, Berrill KT, editors. Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992:65-75.
Wallik MN, et al. Homosexuality as taught in US medical schools. Acad Med 1992;67:601-3.
Walter MH, Rector WG. Sexual transmission of hepatitis A in lesbians [Letter]. JAMA 1986;56:594.
Weatherburn P, Hickson F, Reid DS, Davies PM, Crosier A. Sexual HIV risk behaviour among men who have sex with both men and women. AIDS Care 1998;10(4):463-71.
Wendland CL, Burn F, Hill C. Donor insemination: A comparison of lesbian couples, hetersexual couples and single women. Fertil Steril 1996;65(4):764-70.
White JC, Dull VT. Health risk factors and health seeking behavior in lesbians. J Women's Health 1997;6(1):103-12.
White JC, Dull VT. Room for improvement: Communication between lesbians and primary care providers. J Lesbian Studies 1998;2(1):95-110.
Wilson A. Sex reassignment surgery in HIV positive transsexuals. Int J Transgenderism 1999;3(1, 2); available at www.symposion.com/ijt/hiv—risk/wilson.htm.
William DC. Hepatitis and other sexually transmitted diseases in gay men and lesbians. Sex Transm Dis 1981;8(4):330-2.
Williams J, Rabkin J, Remien R, et al. Multidisciplinary baseline assessment of homosexual men with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection: II. Standardized clinical assessment of current and lifetime psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:124-30.
Winfield L, George LK, Schwartz M, Blazer DG. Sexual assault and psychiatric disorders among a community sample of women. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:335-41.
Wismont JM, Reame NE. The lesbian childbearing experience: Assessing developmental tasks. Image J Nurs Scholarship 1989;21(3):137-41.
Wold C, Seage GR 3rd, Lenderking WR, Mayer KH, Cai B, Heeren T, Goldstein R. Unsafe sex in men who have sex with both men and women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1998;17(4):361-7.
Wolfe A. One Nation, After All: What Americans Really Think About God, Country, Family, Racism, Welfare, Immigration, Homosexuality, Work, the Right, the Left and Each Other. New York: Viking Press, 1998.
Wolfe D. Men Like Us: The GMHC Complete Guide to Gay Men's Sexual, Physical and Emotional Well-Being. New York: Ballantine Books, 2000.
Wolitski RJ, Rietmeijer CA, Goldbaum GM, Wilson RM. HIV serostatus disclosure among gay and bisexual men in four American cities: General patterns and relation to sexual practices. AIDS Care 1998;10(5):599-610.
Wong FY, Chng CL, Lo W. A profile of six community-based HIV prevention programs targeting Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. AIDS Educ Prev 1998;10(3 Suppl):61-76.
Wooden WS, Parker J. Men Behind Bars: Sexual Exploitation in Prison. New York: Da Capo, 1982.
Working Groups, Workshop on Research Issues in Suicide and Sexual Orientation. Recommendations for a research agenda in suicide and sexual orientation. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav 1995;25(Suppl):82-88.
Wright ER, Gonzalez C, Werner JN, Laughner ST, Wallace M. Indiana Youth Access Project: A model for responding to the HIV risk behaviors of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth in the heartland. J Adolesc Health 1998;23(2 Suppl):83-95.
Wyatt GE. The sexual abuse of Afro-American and White American women in childhood. Child Abuse Neglect 1998;9:507-19.
Xavier JM. Final report of the Washington Transgender Needs Assessment Survey. Survey of 252 transgendered and gender variant persons in Washington, DC, from September 1999 to January 2000 with regard to their access of routine, transgender-related and HIV-related health care and housing services. Unpublished draft, 2000.
Yager J, Kurtzman F, Landsverk J, Wiesmeier E. Behaviors and attitudes related to eating disorders in homosexual male college students. Am J Psychiatry 1998:145:495-7.
Young RM, Weissman G, Cohen J. Assessing risk in the absence of information: HIV risk among injection drug users who have sex with women. AIDS Public Policy J 1992;7(3):175-83.
Zeidenstein L. Gynecological and childbearing needs of lesbians. J Nurse Midwifery 1990;35(1):10-8.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dean, L., Meyer, I.H., Robinson, K. et al. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health: Findings and Concerns. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association 4, 102–151 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009573800168
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009573800168