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Preconditioning Strategy in Stem Cell Transplantation Therapy

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Abstract

Stem cell transplantation therapy has emerged as a promising regenerative medicine for ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders. However, many issues and problems remain to be resolved before successful clinical applications of cell-based therapy. To this end, some recent investigations have sought to benefit from well-known mechanisms of ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning. Ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning activates endogenous defense mechanisms that show marked protective effects against multiple insults found in ischemic stroke and other acute attacks. As in many other cell types, a sublethal hypoxic exposure significantly increases the tolerance and regenerative properties of stem cells and progenitor cells. So far, a variety of preconditioning triggers have been tested on different stem cells and progenitor cells. Preconditioned stem cells and progenitors generally show much better cell survival, increased neuronal differentiation, enhanced paracrine effects leading to increased trophic support, and improved homing to the lesion site. Transplantation of preconditioned cells helps to suppress inflammatory factors and immune responses, and promote functional recovery. Although the preconditioning strategy in stem cell therapy is still an emerging research area, accumulating information from reports over the last few years already indicates it as an attractive, if not essential, prerequisite for transplanted cells. It is expected that stem cell preconditioning and its clinical applications will attract more attention in both the basic research field of preconditioning as well as in the field of stem cell translational research. This review summarizes the most important findings in this active research area, covering the preconditioning triggers, potential mechanisms, mediators, and functional benefits for stem cell transplant therapy.

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Abbreviations

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CoPP:

Cobalt protoporphyrin

Cx43:

Connexin-43

CXCR:

CXC chemokine receptor

EPO:

Erythropoietin

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

FAK:

Focal adhesion kinase

GSK-3β:

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β

HIF-1:

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1

HSPs:

Heat shock protein

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor-1

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1beta

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

miR:

micro-RNA

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

polyP:

Polyphosphate

PTP:

Permeability transition pore

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SDF-1:

Stromal-derived factor-1

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NIH grants NS062097, NS058710, NS057255, and AHA Established Investigator Award 0840110N. Zheng Wei was a visiting Ph.D. student from Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.

Conflict of Interest Statement

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Memorial Research Building, Suite 620, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Shan Ping Yu & Ling Wei

  2. Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100191

    Shan Ping Yu & Zheng Wei

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Correspondence to Ling Wei.

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Yu, S.P., Wei, Z. & Wei, L. Preconditioning Strategy in Stem Cell Transplantation Therapy. Transl. Stroke Res. 4, 76–88 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-012-0251-0

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