Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Different models of frailty in predementia and dementia syndromes

  • JNHA: Frailty and Cognitive Decline
  • Published:
The journal of nutrition, health & aging

Abstract

Dementia is an increasingly common disease in the aging population, and the numbers are expected to rise exponentially in coming years. Therefore, there is a critical need to potentially individualize new strategies able to prevent and to slow down the progression of predementia and dementia syndromes. Despite a substantial increase in the epidemiological and clinical evidence on frailty, there is no consensus on its definition or on what criteria should be used to identify older individuals with frailty. Frailty appears to be a nonspecific state of vulnerability, which reflects multisystem physiological change. In fact, current thinking is that not only physical but also psychological, cognitive and social factors contribute to this multidimensional syndrome and need to be taken into account in its definition and treatment. Cognition has already been considered as a component of frailty, and it has been demonstrated that it is associated with adverse health outcomes. In a recent population-based study, physical frail demented patients were at higher risk of all-cause mortality over 3- and 7-year follow-up periods. Several studies have also reported that physical frailty is associated with low cognitive performance, incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment, and AD pathology in older persons with and without dementia. Most frailty instruments use a dichotomous scoring system classifying a person as either frail or not frail, while a continuous or an ordinal scoring system on multiple levels would be preferable to be used as an outcome measure. Recently, a Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI), derived from a standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment, was effective in predicting short- and long-term mortality risk in hospitalized patients with dementia. Overall taken together these findings supported the concept that outcome measures linked to multidimensional impairment may be extremely important in making clinical decisions, especially for monitoring drug treatment in randomized clinical trials also for predementia and dementia syndromes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Panza F, D’Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso C, Parigi AD, Capurso SA, et al (2005) Cognitive frailty: Predementia syndrome and vascular risk factors. Neurobiol Aging 27: 933–940.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Solfrizzi V, Capurso C, D’Introno A, Colacicco AM, Santamato A, Ranieri M, et al (2008) Lifestyle-related factors in predementia and dementia syndromes. Expert Rev Neurother 8: 133–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Peters R (2009) The prevention of dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 24: 452–458.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. de la Torre JC (2010) Alzheimer’s disease is incurable but preventable. J Alzheimers Dis 20: 861–870.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Whitehouse PJ, Sciulli CG, Mason RM (1997) Dementia drug development: use of information systems to harmonize global drug development. Psychopharmacol Bull 33: 129–133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Alzheimer’s Association (2010) Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 158–194.

  7. Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Ziegler-Graham K, Arrighi HM (2007) Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 3: 186–191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. 1999. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 56: 303–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Panza F, D’Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso C, Del Parigi A, Caselli RJ, et al (2005) Current epidemiology of mild cognitive impairment and other predementia syndromes. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 13: 633–644.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Panza F, Frisardi V, Capurso C, D’Introno A, Colacicco AM, Imbimbo BP, et al (2010) Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia possible continuum? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 18: 98–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Román GC, Sachdev P, Royall DR, Bullock RA, Orgogozo JM, López-Pousa S, et al (2004) Vascular cognitive disorder a new diagnostic category updating vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia J Neurol Sci 226: 81–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Sachdev P (1999) Vascular cognitive disorder. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14: 402–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Giacobini E, Becker RE (2007) One hundred years after the discovery of Alzheimer’s disease. A turning point for therapy? J Alzheimers Dis 12: 37–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Frisardi V, Solfrizzi V, Imbimbo PB, Capurso C, D’Introno A, Colacicco AM, et al. (2010) Towards disease-modifying treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: drugs targeting beta-amyloid. Curr Alzheimer Res 7: 40–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Waiston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group (2001) Frailty in older adults: evidence for aphenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56: M146–M156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Rockwood K, Howlett SE, MacKnight C, Beattie BL Bergman H, Hébert R, et al (2004) Prevalence, attributes, and outcomes of fitness and frailty in community-dwelling older adults: Report from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci MedSci59A: 1310–1317.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I, et al (2005) A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. Can Med Assoc J 173: 489–495.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Avila-Funes JA, Amieva H, Barberger-Gateau P, Le Goff M, Raoux N, Ritchie K, et al (2009) Cognitive impairment improves the predictive validity of the phenotype of frailty for adverse health outcomes: the Three-City Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 57: 453–461.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rockwood K (2005) Frailty and its definition: a worthy challenge. J Am Geriatr Soc 53: 1069–1010.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Fulop T Larbi A, Witkowski JM, McElhaney J, Loeb M, Mitnitski A, Pawelec G (2010) Aging, frailty and age-related diseases. Biogerontology 11: 547–663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. de Vries NM, Staal JB, van Ravensberg CD, Hobbelen JS, Olde Rikkert MG, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW (2010) Outcome instruments to measure frailty: A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.09. 001.

  22. Gobbens RJ, Luijkx KG, Wijnen-Sponselee MT, Schols JM (2010) In search of an integral conceptual definition of frailty: opinions of experts. J Am Med Dir Assoc 11: 338–343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sourial N, Wolfson C, Bergman H, Zhu B, Karunananthan S, Quail J, et al (2010) A correspondence analysis revealed frailty deficits aggregate and are multidimensional. J Clin Epidemiol 63: 647–654.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Aminzadeh F, Dalziel WB, Molnar FJ (2002) Targeting frail older adults for outpatient comprehensive geriatric assessment and management services: An overview of concepts and criteria Rev Clin Gerontol; 12:82–92.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Markle-Reid M, Browne G (2003) Conceptualizations of frailty in relation to older adults. J Adv Nurs 44: 58–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hogan DB, MacKnight C, Bergman H (2003) Models, definitions, and criteria of frailty. Aging Clin Exp Res 15: 1–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Levers MJ, Estabrooks CA, Ross Kerr JC (2006) Factors contributing to frailty: Literature review. J Adv Nurs 56: 282–291.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Buchner DM, Wagner EH (1992) Preventing frail health. Clin Geriatr Med 8: 1–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hamerman D. Toward an understanding of frailty (1999) Ann Intern Med 130: 945–950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rockwood K, Hogan DB, MacKnight C (2000) Conceptualisation and measurement of frailty in elderly people. Drugs Aging 17: 295–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Schuurmans H, Steverink N, Lindenberg S, Frieswijk N, Slaets JP (2004) Old or frail: What tells us more? J Gerontol A Biol Sei Med Sci 59: M962–M965.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Studenski S, Hayes RP, Leibowitz RQ, Bode R, Lavery L, Walston J, et al (2004) Clinical Global Impression of Change in Physical Frailty: Development of a measure based on clinical judgment. J Am Geriatr Soc 52: 1560–1566.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bergman H, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J, Hogan DB, Hummel S, Karunananthan S et al (2007) Frailty: An emerging research and clinical paradigm issues and controversies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 62: 731–737.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Studenski S, Fried LP, Cutler GB Jr, Walston JD; Interventions on Frailty Working Group (2004) Designing randomized, controlled trials aimed at preventing or delaying functional decline and disability in frail, older persons: A consensus report. J Am Geratr Soc 52: 625–634.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Walston J, Hadley EC, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Newman AB, Studenski SA, et al (2006) Research agenda for frailty in older adults: Toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: Summary from the American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging Research Conference on Frailty in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 54: 991–1001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bandeen-Roche K, Xue QL, Ferrucci L, Walston J, Guralnik JM, Chaves P, et al (2006) Phenotype of frailty: characterization in the women’s health and aging studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61: 262–266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Woods NF, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, Aragaki A, Cochrane BB, Brunner RL, et al; Women’s Health Initiative (2005) Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 53: 1321–1330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ottenbacher KJ, Ostir GV, Peek MK, Snih SA, Raji MA, Markides KS (2005) Frailty in older Mexican Americans. JAm GeriatrSoc 53: 1524–1631.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Cesari M, Leeuwenburgh C, Lauretani F, Onder G, Bandinelli S, Maraldi C, et al (2006) Frailty syndrome and skeletal muscle: results from the Invecciliare in Chianti study. Am J Clin Nutr 83: 1142–1148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gill TM, Gahbauer EA, Allore HG, Han L (2006) Transitions between frailty states among community-living older persons. Arch Intern Med 166: 418–423.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hirsch C, Anderson ML, Newman A, Kop W, Jackson S, Gottdiener J, et al; Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group (2006) The association of race with frailty: the cardiovascular health study. Ann Epidemiol 16: 545–553.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Avila-Funes JA, Helmer C, Amieva H, Barberger-Gateau P, Le Goff M, Ritchie K, et al (2008) Frailty among community-dwelling elderly people in France: the Three-City Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sei Med Sci 63: 1089–1096.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Santos-Eggimann B, Cuénoud P, Spagnoli J, Junod J (2009) Prevalence of frailty in middle-aged and older community-dwelling Europeans living in 10 countries. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64: 675–681.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Wong CH, Weiss D, Sourial N, Karunananthan S, Quail JM, Wolfson C, et al (2010) Frailty and its association with disability and comorbidity in a community-dwelling sample of seniors in Montreal: a cross-sectional study. Aging Clin Exp Res 22: 54–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Solfrizzi V, Scafato E, Frisardi V, Sancarlo D, Seripa D, Logroscino G, et al; for the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging Working Group (2011) Frailty Syndrome and all-cause mortality in demented patients. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Age [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1007/sl1357-011-9247-z

  46. Hu WT, Seelaar H, Josephs KA, Knopman DS, Boeve BF, Sorenson FJ, et al (2009) Survival profiles of patients with frontotemporal dementia and motor neuron disease. Arch Neurol 66:1359–1364.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Aziz NA, van der Marck MA, Pijl H, Olde Rikkert MG, Bioem BR, Roos RA (2008) Weight loss in neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurol 255: 1872–1880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fratiglioni L, Wang HX (2007) Brain reserve hypothesis in dementia J Alzheimers Dis 12: 11–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Forbes D, Forbes S, Morgan DG, Markle-Reid M, Wood J, Culum I (2008) Physical activity programs for persons with dementia Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD006489.

  50. Gill TM, Williams CS, Richardson ED, Tinetti ME (1996) Impairments in physical performance and cognitive status as predisposing factors for functional dependence among nondisabled older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 51A: M283–M288.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Strawbridge WJ, Shema SJ, Balfour JL, Higby HR, Kaplan GA (1998) Antecedents of frailty over three decades in an older cohort. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 53B: S9–S16.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Buchman AS, Boyle PA, Wilson RS, Tang Y, Bennett DA (2007) Frailty is associated with incident Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline in the elderly. Psychosom Med 69:483–489.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Boyle PA, Buchman AS, Wilson RS, Leurgans SE, Bennett DA (2010) Physical frailty is associated with incident mild cognitive impairment in community-based older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 58:248–255.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Buchman AS, Schneider JA, Leurgans S, Bennett DA (2008) Physical frailty in older persons is associated with Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology 71:499–504.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Samper-Ternent R, Al Snih S, Raji MA, Markides KS, Ottenbacher KJ (2008) Relationship between frailty and cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc 56: 1845–1852.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Folstein M, FoLstein S, McHugh PR (1975) Mini-mental state: a practical method for garding the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J PsychiatrRes 12: 189–198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Raji MA, Al Snih S, Ostir GV, Markides KS, Ottenbacher KJ (2010) Cognitive status and future risk of frailty in older Mexican Americans. J Gerontol A Biol Sei Med Sei 65: 1228–1234.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cronin-Stubbs D, Beckett LA, Scherr PA, Field TS, Chown MJ, Pilgrim DM, et al (1997) Weight loss in people with Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective population based analysis. BMJ 314: 178–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Wilson RS, Schneider JA, Bienias JL, Evans DA, Bennett DA (2003) Parkinsonian like signs and risk of incident Alzheimer disease in older persons. Arch Neurol 60: 539–544.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Scarmeas N, Albert M, Brandt J, Blacker D, Hadjigeorgiou G, Papadimitriou A, et al (2005) Motor signs predict poor outcomes in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 64: 1696–1703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Boyle PA, Buchman AS, Wilson RS, Leurgans SE, Bennett DA (2009) Association of muscle strength with the risk of Alzheimer disease and the rate of cognitive decline in community-dwelling older persons. Arch Neurol 66: 1339–1344.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Sarkisian CA, Gruenewald TL, John Boscardin W, Seeman TE (2008) Preliminary evidence for subdimensions of geriatric frailty: the MacArthur study of successful aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 56: 2292–2297.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Afilalo J, Karunananthan S, Eisenberg MJ, Alexander KP, Bergman H (2009) Role of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 103: 1616–1621.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lichtman JH, Krumholz HM, Wang Y, Radford MJ, Brass LM (2002) Risk and predictors of stroke after myocardial infarction among the elderly: results from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. Circulation 105: 1082–1087.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Perera V, Bajorek BV, Matthews S, Hilmer SN (2009) The impact of frailty on the utilisation of antithrombotic therapy in older patients with atrial fibrillation. Age Ageing 38: 156–162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Puts MT, Visser M, Twisk JW, Deeg DJ, Lips P (2005) Endocrine and inflammatory markers as predictors offrailty. Clin Endocrinol 63: 403–411.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Weaver JD, Huang MH, Albert M, Harris T, Rowe JW, Seeman TE (2002) Interleukin-6 and risk of cognitive decline: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Neurology 59: 371–378.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ma SL, Tang NL, Lam LC, Chiu HF (2005) The association between promoter polymorphism of the interleukin-10 gene and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 26: 1005–1010.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Wolf DS, Gearing M, Snowdon DA, Mori H, Markesbery WR, Mirra SS (1999) Progression of regional neuropathology in Alzheimer disease and normal elderly: findings from the Nun study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 13: 226–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Schneider JA, Li JL, Li Y, Wilson RS, Kordower JH, Bennett DA (2006) Substantia nigra tangles are related to gait impairment in older persons. Ann Neurol 59: 166–173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Buchman AS, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Bennett DA (2006) Body mass index in older persons is associated with Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology 67: 1949–1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. De Lepeleire LJ, Iliffe S, Mann E, Degryse JM (2009) Frailty: an emerging concept forgeneral practice. Br J Gen Pract 59: el77–el82.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Bergman H, Beland F, Perrault A (2002) The global challenge of understanding and meeting the needs of the frail older population. Aging Clin Exp Res 14: 223–225.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gobbens RJ, Luijkx KG, Wijnen-Sponselee MT, Schols JM (2009) Towards an integral conceptual model offrailty. J Nutr Health Agingl 4: 175–181.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Gobbens RJ, van Assen MA, Luijkx KG, Wijnen-Sponselee MT, Schols JM (2010) Determinants offrailty. J Am Med Dir Assoc 11: 356–364.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Karunananthan S, Wolfson C, Bergman H, Béland F, Hogan DB (2009) A multidisciplinary systematic literature review on frailty: overview of the methodology used by the Canadian Initiative on Frailty and Aging. BMC Med Res Methodol 9:68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mitnitski AB, Mogilner AJ, Rockwood K (2001) Accumulation of deficits as a proxy measure of aging. ScientificWorldJoumal 1: 323–336.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Rockwood KM (2006) Long-term risks of death and institutionalization of elderly people in relation to deficit accumulation at age 70. J Am Geriatr Soc. 54: 975–979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Rockwood K, Andrew M, Mitnitski A (2007) A comparison of two approaches to measuring frailty in elderly people. J Gerontol A: Biol Sci Med Sci 62: 738–743.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Cigolle CT, Ofetedal MB, Tian Z, Blaum CS (2009) Comparing models of frailty: the health and retirementstudy. J Am Geriatr Soc 57: 830–839.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rothman MD, Leo-Summeis L, Gill TM (2008) Prognostic significance of potential frailty criteria J Am Geriatr Soc 56: 2211–3116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Puts MT, Lips P, Deeg DJ (2005) Sex differences in the risk of frailty for mortality independent of disability and chronic diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc 53: 40–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Matthews M, Lucas A, Boland R, Hirth V, Odenheimer G, Wieland D, et al (2004) Use of a questionnaire to screen for frailty in the elderly: an exploratory study. Aging Clin Exp Res 16: 34–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Scarcella P, Liotta G, Marazzi MC, Carbini R, Palombi L (2005) Analysis of survival in a sample of elderly patients from Ragusa, Italy on the basis of a primary care level multidimensional levaluation. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 40: 147–156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Jones DM, Song X, Rockwood K (2004) Operationalizing a frailty index from a standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 52: 1929–1933.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Jones D, Song X, Mitnitski A, Rockwood K (2005) Evaluation of a frailty index based on a comprehensive geriatric assessment in a population based study of elderly Canadians. Aging Clin Exp Res 17: 465–471.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Guilley E, Ghisletta P, Armi F, Berchtold A, d’Epinay CL, Michel J, et al (2008) Dynamics of frailty and ADL dependence in a five-year longitudinalstudy of octegenarians. Res Aging 30: 299–317.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Consensus Development Panel (David Solomon, Chairman) (2004) National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Geriatric assessment methods for clinical decision-making. J Am Geriatr Soc 51: 1490–1494.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Rubenstein LZ (2004) Joseph T Freeman award lecture: comprehensive geriatric assessment: from miracle to reality. J Gerontol A Biol Med Sci 59: 473–477.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Rockwood K, Andrew M, Mitnitski A (2007) A comparison of two approaches to measuring frailty in elderly people. J Gerontol A: Biol Sci Med Sci 62: 738–743.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Rockwood K, Abeysundera MJ, Mitnitski A (2007) How should we grade frailty in nursing home patients? J Am Med Dir Assoc 8: 595–603.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kiely DK, Cupples LA, Lipsitz LA (2009) Validation and comparison of two frailty indexes: the mobilize Boston study. J Am Geriatr Soc 57: 1532–1539.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Purser JL, Kuchibhatla MN, Fillenbaum GG, Harding T Peterson ED, Alexander KP (2006) Identifying frailty in hospitalized older adults with significant coronary artery disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 54: 1674–1681.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Teng EL, Chui HC (1987) The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. J Clin Psychiatry 48: 314–318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Studenski S, Hayes RP, Leibowitz RQ, Bode R, Lavery L, Walston J, et al (2004) Clinical global impression of change in physical frailty: development of a measure based on clinical judgment. J AmGeriatr Soc 52: 1560–1566.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Pilotto A, Ferrucei L, Franceschi M, D’Ambrosio LP, Scarcelli C, Cascavilla L, et al. (2008) Development and validation of a multidimensional prognostic index for 1-year mortality from the comprehensive geriatric assessment in hospitalized older patients. Rejuvenation Res 11: 151–161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Pilotto A, Ferrucei L, Scarcelli C, Niro V, Di Mario F, Seripa D, et al. (2007) Usefulness of the comprehensive geriatric assessment in older patient with upper gastorintestinal bleeding: a two year follow-up study. Dig Dis 25: 124–128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Pilotto A, Addante F, D’Onofrio G, Sancarlo D, Ferrucei L (2009) The Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and the multidimensional approach. A new look at the older patient with gastroenterological disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 23: 829–837.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Pilotto A, Addante F, Ferrucei L, Leandro G, D’Onofrio G, Corritore M, et al. (2009) The Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) predicts short and long-term mortality in older patients with community-acquired pneumonia J Gerontol A Biol Med Sci 64:880–887.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Pilotto A, Addante F, Franceschi M, Leandro G, Rengo G, DAmbrosio P, et al. (2010) A Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) based on a comprehensive geriatric assessment predicts short-term mortality in older patients with heart failure. Cire Heart Fail 3: 14–20.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Pilotto A, Sancarlo D, Panza F, Paris F, D’Onofrio G, Cascavilla L, et al. (2009) The Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) based on a comprehensive geriatric assessment predicts short- and long-term mortality in hospitalized older patients with dementia J Alzheimeis Dis 18: 191–199.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Katz S, Downs TD, Cash HR, Grotz RC (1970) Progress in the development of an index of ADL. Gerontologist 10: 20–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Lawton MP, Brody EM (1969) Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 9: 179–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Pfeiffer E (1975) A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 23: 433–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Hoyl MT, Alessi CA, Harker JO, Josephson KR, Pietruszka FM, Koelfgen M, et al (1999) Development and testing of a five-item version of the geriatric depression scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 47: 873–878.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Vellas B, Guigoz Y, Garry PJ, Nourhashemi F, Bennahum D, Lauque S, et al. (1999) The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and its use in grading the nutritional state of elderly patients. Nutrition 15: 116–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Bliss MR, McLaren R, Exton-Smith AN (1966) Mattresses for preventing pressure sores in geriatric patients. Mon Bull Minist Health Pub Health Lab Serv 25: 238–268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Linn B, Linn M, Gurel L (1968) The cumulative illness rating scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 16: 622–626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Di Bari M, Virgillo A, Matteuzzi D, Inzitari M, Mazzaglia G, Pozzi C, et al (2006) Predictive validity of measures of comorbidity in older community dwellers. J Am Geriatr Soc 54: 210–216.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Lau DT, Kasper JD, Potter DEB, Potter DEB, Lyles A, Bennet RG (2005) Hospitalization and death associated with potentially inappropriate medication prescriptions among elderly nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med 165: 68–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Franceschi M, Scarcelli C, Niro V, Seripa D, Pazienza AM, Pepe G, et al (2008) Prevalence, clinical features and avoidability of adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to a geriatric unit. Drug Safety 31: 545–556.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Larson EB, Shadlen MF, Wang L, McCormick WC, Bowen JD, Teri L, Kukull WA (2004) Survival after initial diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med 140: 501–509.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Xie J, Brayne C, Matthews FE; Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study collaborators (2008) Survival times in people with dementia analysis from population based cohort study with 14 year follow-up. BMJ 336: 258–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geriatric Unit & Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy

    Francesco Panza, D. Sancarlo, F. Addante, G. D’Onofrio & A. Pilotto

  2. Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

    V. Solfrizzi & V. Frisardi

  3. Italian National Research Council (CNR), Aging Section, Padova, Italy

    S. Maggi

Authors
  1. Francesco Panza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. Solfrizzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. Frisardi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. Maggi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. D. Sancarlo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. F. Addante
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. G. D’Onofrio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. D. Seripa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. A. Pilotto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francesco Panza.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Panza, F., Solfrizzi, V., Frisardi, V. et al. Different models of frailty in predementia and dementia syndromes. J Nutr Health Aging 15, 711–719 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-011-0126-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-011-0126-1

Key words

Search

Navigation