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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effect of calcium chloride on the biocontrol efficacy of two antagonistic yeasts against Penicillium expansum on apple fruit

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This article was retracted on 23 October 2009

Abstract

Two antagonistic yeasts, Candida membranaefaciens and Pichia guilliermondii, were evaluated for the control of the blue mold of apple caused by Penicillium expansum. Dual culture, cell-free metabolite and volatile tests were used for in vitro assay. Yeast strains of two genera inhibited growth of P. expansum; inhibition varied from 30.27% to 44.19% in dual culture, from 79.40% to 90.57% in the volatile metabolite test, and from 72.99% to 88.77% in the cell-free metabolite test. Calcium chloride (2% w/v) significantly inhibited the growth of the pathogen P. expansum, but did not affect the colony-forming units (CFU) of the yeasts C. membranaefaciens and P. guilliermondii in potato dextrose broth. The concentration of yeast suspension influenced spore germination and germ tube growth of P. expansum in vitro, as well as disease incidence and lesion development in fruits. There were significant negative relationships between the suspension concentrations of the yeasts and the growth as well as infectivity of the pathogen. The addition of calcium resulted in lower spore germination rates and slower growth of germ tubes in vitro, as well as in lower disease incidences and smaller lesion diameters compared with treatments with yeast antagonists alone. When yeast cell suspensions reached a concentration of 107 CFU ml-1, growth of the pathogen was completely limited in vitro, and no infection was found in apple fruits treated with or without calcium.

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Acknowledgments

The authors extend their thanks to the University of Tehran and the Iran National Science Foundation, Tehran, Iran, for funding this research project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Protection, University of Tehran, Abooreihan Campus, Tehran, Iran

    Jalal Gholamnejad & Hasan Reza Etebarian

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  1. Jalal Gholamnejad
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  2. Hasan Reza Etebarian
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Correspondence to Jalal Gholamnejad.

Additional information

This article has been retracted because part of the data shown has already been published before, by different authors.

An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-009-0064-1

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Gholamnejad, J., Etebarian, H.R. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effect of calcium chloride on the biocontrol efficacy of two antagonistic yeasts against Penicillium expansum on apple fruit. Phytoparasitica 37, 255–261 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-009-0033-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-009-0033-8

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