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Phylogenetic Relationship of Physocarpus insularis (Rosaceae) Endemic on Ulleung Island: Implications for Conservation Biology

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Abstract

Ulleung Island is a biodiversity hot spot harboring approximately 700 species of vascular plants with high number of endemic taxa. Physocarpus insularis, one of the 41 endemic species, has an extremely restricted distribution range on the very small, geologically young oceanic island. Phylogenetic relationship of P. insularis, however, remained highly controversial whether it is conspecific with Spiraea chamaedryfolia or a distinct species in Physocarpus, making it difficult to establish necessary conservation programs. We examined comparative morphology of Physocarpus and Spiraea and reconstructed the phylogeny of the rbcL, matK, ndhF, and trnL-trnF regions from the exemplars of Rosaceae. The results strongly supported the placement of P. insularis within Spiraea. Further phylogenetic analyses of tribe Spiraeeae based on the trnL-trnF and internal transcribed spacer data showed that P. insularis is closely related to S. chamaedryfolia. Morphological analysis revealed that P. insularis differs from S. chamaedryfolia by having larger leaf blades that are subcordate or truncate at base. Results of this study suggest that P. insularis should be recognized as a distinct taxon in Spiraea and that conservation efforts on Ulleung Island should focus on protecting its natural environment to conserve evolutionary patterns and processes in addition to specific conservation programs for species in peril.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the curators and staff of the aforementioned herbaria, particularly to Dr. Hiroshi Ikeda and Akiko Shimizu of Tokyo University. The authors thank Dr. Jin-O Hyun for valuable discussions. We also thank Jung-Woo Chae (Ulleung-gun Agricultural Technology Center) and Seong-Hyun Cho (Hallym University) to obtain materials of P. insularis. This work was supported in part by research funds (to SO) from Cornell University and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and a research grant (to YK) titled, “Origin of biological diversity of Korea: molecular phylogenetic analyses of major Korean taxa” from the National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 412 Mann Library, Ithaca, 14853, USA

    Sang-Hun Oh & Luna Chen

  2. Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 200-702, South Korea

    Sung-Hee Kim & Young-Dong Kim

  3. Department of Biology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 336-745, South Korea

    Hyunchur Shin

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Appendices

Appendix 1

A list of taxa and GenBank numbers used in the phylogenetic analysis of Spiraeoideae. Each entry includes GenBank accession number, in the order, for matK, ndhF, rbcL, and trnL-trnF. NA means that the particular sequence was not available.

Adenostoma: AF288095, DQ851497, U06790, NA; Amelanchier: DQ860450, DQ851498, U06793, DQ863222; Aruncus: AF288094, DQ851501, U06794, AF348536. Cercocarpus: AF288095, DQ851503, U06796, AF348537; Chamaebatiaria: AF288097, DQ851506, U06797, AF348539; Crataegus: DQ860458, DQ851511, U06799, DQ863230; Dryas: DQ851225, DQ851516, U59818, DQ851231; Eriobotrya: DQ860462, DQ851517, U06800, DQ863234; Exochorda: AF288100, DQ851519, U06801, AF348542; Gillenia: AF288103, DQ851523, DQ250747, AF348554; Holodiscus: AF288105, DQ851525, U06807, AF348546; Kageneckia: DQ860447, DQ851526, U06808, AF348547; Kelseya: DQ851226, NA, NA, NA; Kerria: NA, DQ851527, DQ250749, NA; Lindleya: DQ860448, DQ851528, U06810, DQ863220; Luetkea: DQ851227, NA, DQ250750, DQ851233; Lyonothamnus: AF288107, DQ851529, U06811, AF348548; Maddenia: DQ851228, NA, NA, AY864827; Neillia AF288108, DQ851534, U06813, AF487229; Neviusia: AF288109, DQ851535, U06815, AF348550; Oemleria: AF288110, DQ851536, U06816, AF348551; P. insularis: GU217789, GU217790, GU217791, GU217792; Petrophyton: DQ851229, NA, NA, NA; Photinia: DQ860470, DQ851539, L11200, DQ863242; Physocarpus: AF288112, DQ851540, U06817, AF348553; Prinsepia: AF288114, DQ851542, U06819, AF348558; Prunus 1: AF288116, DQ851544, U06809, AF348559; Prunus 2: AF288115, DQ851543, AF206813, AF348560; Rhodotypos: AF288122, NA, U06823, AF348566; Sorbaria: AF288125, DQ851553, U06826, AF348569; Sorbus: AF288126, DQ851554, U06827, DQ8632470; Spiraea: AF288127, DQ851556, L11206, AF348571; Vauquelinia: AF288129, DQ851560, U06829, AF348573.

Appendix 2

A list of taxa and GenBank numbers used in the phylogenetic analysis of Spiraeeae. Each entry includes GenBank accession number, in the order, for ITS and trnL-trnF. NA means that the particular sequence was not available.

Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. and Arn.: DQ886358, AF348535; Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fern.: DQ897602, AF196868; Gillenia stipulata (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Baillon: DQ811763, AF348554; Holodiscus microphyllus Rydb.: DQ897603, DQ897573; Kelseya uniflora (Wats.) Rydb.: NA, DQ851232; Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze: DQ851235, DQ851233; Petrophyton caespitosum (Nutt.) Rydb.: DQ851236, DQ851234; Petrophyton hendersonii (Canby) Rydb.: DQ897604, DQ897574; P. insularis (Nakai) Nakai, Korea, Kyongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Ulleung-gun Agricultural Technology Center, Cho 63 (HHU): GU217794, GU217792; Sibiraea croatica Degen: AJ876553, NA; Sibiraea laevigata (L.) Maxim.: DQ897605, DQ897575; Xerospiraea hartwegiana Henrickson: DQ897606, NA; Spiraea blumei G. Don.: DQ897607, DQ897576; S. canescens D. Don.: DQ897608, DQ897577; Spiraea cantoniensis Lour.: DQ897609, DQ897578; S. chamaedryfolia L. 1, Korea. Kangwon-do, Taebaek-si, Changjuk-dong, Geom-ryong-so, Kim and Cho 2009-1: GU217795, GU217793; S. chamaedryfolia 2, Korea. Kangwon-do, Taebaek-si, Changjuk-dong, Geom-ryong-so, Kim and Cho 2009-2: GU217796, GU217793; S. chamaedryfolia 3, Korea. Kangwon-do, Taebaek-si, Changjuk-dong, Geom-ryong-so, Kim and Cho 2009-3: GU217797, GU217793; Spiraea crenata L.: DQ897610, DQ897579; Spiraea decumbens W. D. J. Koch “White Lace”: DQ897611, DQ897580; Spiraea densiflora Nutt. ex Rydb.: DQ886362, AF348571; Spiraea douglasii Hook.: DQ897612, DQ897581; Spiraea formosana Hayata: DQ897613, DQ897582; Spiraea fritschiana Schneid.: DQ897614, DQ897583; Spiraea hypericifolia L.: DQ897615, DQ897584; Spiraea japonica L. f. 1, DQ897616, DQ897585; S. japonica 2 “Neon Flash”: DQ897617, DQ897586; Spiraea lasiocarpa Kar. and Kir.: DQ897618, DQ897587; Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh.: DQ897619, DQ897588; Spiraea longigemmis Maxim.: DQ897620, DQ897589; Spiraea miyabei Koidz.: DQ897621, DQ897590; Spiraea nipponica Maxim.: DQ897622, DQ897591; Spiraea prunifolia Siebold and Zucc.: DQ897623, DQ897592; Spiraea pubescens Turcz.: DQ897624, DQ897593; Spiraea salicifolia L.: DQ897625, DQ897594; Spiraea thunbergii Siebold ex Blume: DQ897626, DQ897595; Spiraea trichocarpa Nakai, DQ897627, DQ897596; Spiraea trilobata L.: DQ897628, DQ897597; Spiraea veitchii Hemsl.: DQ897629, DQ897598; Spiraea virginiana Britton 1: DQ897630, DQ897599; S. virginiana 2: DQ897631, DQ897600; S. virginiana 3: DQ897632, DQ897601

Appendix 3

Specimens used in leaf character analysis. Specimen images downloaded from Korea Biodiversity Information System are indicated with the accession numbers in the database following herbaria in which the original specimens are deposited.

P. insularis: Korea. Cho 63 (HHU), Kim and Han s.n. (KFI; KNHA200008092158), Nakai 4344 (TI), Park s.n. (SKK; SKKA200010051017), Sun et al. 3621 (JNU; CBBA200103231025), Sun et al. 3621 (JNU; CBBA200103221097), Woo 118 (EWH; ENHA200506152016), Woo 123 (EWH; ENHA200506152017).

S. chamaedryfolia: Hungary. Kurimay s.n. (BH). Japan. Ohwi s.n. (BH), Okuyama s.n. (BH). Korea. Cha s.n. (KUS; KUSA200505232004), Heo and Koh s.n. (SKK; SKKA200508172181), Im 5042 (CNU; CNNA200009011165), Kim and Choi s.n. (KFI; KNHA200008162024), Kim and Choi s.n. (KFI; KNHA200008162025), Kim and Han s.n. (KFI; KNHA200008162041), Ko and Kang s.n. (HNHM; HNHA200506301013), Koh s.n. (KUS; KUSA200508172180), Lee and Cho 8564 (SNUA; SNFA200008162087), Lee and Cho 8564 (SNUA; SNFA200008162088), Lee and Jeon S-3865 (KH; KNKA200607211037), Lee 8843 (KWNU; KWNA200006291076), Lee 8845 (KWNU; KWNA200006291078), Lee 8848 (KWNU; KWNA200006291081), Lee 8853 (KWNU; KWNA200006291086), Lee s.n. (SNUA; SNFA200008162096), March et al. 7 (SNUA; SNFA200008162086), without collector’s name and number (EWH; ENHA200505172001). Romania. Sagorski s.n. (BH), Simkovics s.n. (BH), Wolff s.n. (BH).

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Oh, SH., Chen, L., Kim, SH. et al. Phylogenetic Relationship of Physocarpus insularis (Rosaceae) Endemic on Ulleung Island: Implications for Conservation Biology. J. Plant Biol. 53, 94–105 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-009-9093-z

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