Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rumen microorganisms, methane production, and microbial protein synthesis affected by mangosteen peel powder supplement in lactating dairy cows

  • Regular Articles
  • Published:
Tropical Animal Health and Production Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Four crossbred dairy cows (50 % Holstein-Friesian × 50 % Thai native), 404 ± 50.0 kg of body weight (4 years old) and 90 ± 5 day in milk with daily milk production of 9 ± 2.0 kg/day, were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to study the effect of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel powder (MSP) supplementation on rumen microorganisms, methane production, and microbial protein synthesis fed concentrate containing yeast fermented cassava chip protein (YEFECAP). The treatments were different levels of MSP supplementation at 0, 100, 200, and 300 g/head/day. Rice straw was used as a roughage source fed ad libitum, and concentrate containing YEFECAP at 200 g/kg concentrate was offered corresponding to concentrate-to-milk-yield ratio at 1:2. A quantitative real-time PCR approach was used to determine the population densities of ruminal microorganisms. The results revealed that supplementation of MSP did not affect on Fibrobactor succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Ruminococcus albus (P > 0.05). However, total bacteria was linearly increased (P < 0.01) while methanogens and protozoal population were linearly decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing level of MSP supplementation. Increasing level of MSP supplement could decrease rumen methane production from 27.5 to 23.7 mmol/100 ml3. Furthermore, cows that received MSP at 300 g/head/day had the highest microbial crude protein and efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis (416.8 g/day and 16.2 g/kg organic matter truly digested in the rumen (OMDR), respectively). In conclusion, supplementation of MSP at 300 g/head/day with YEFECAP as a protein source in the concentrate mixture revealed an enhancement of rumen fermentation and methane reduction in lactating dairy cows.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Al-Dobaib, S.N., 2009. Effect of different levels of quebracho tannin on nitrogen utilization and growth performance of Najdi sheep fed alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay as a sole diet. Animal Science Journal, 80, 532–541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AOAC., 2012. Official Methods of Analysis, 19th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aro, S.O., 2008. Improve in the nutritive quality of cassava and its by-products through microbial fermentation. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 4789–4797.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatta, R., Uyeno, Y., Tajima, K., Takenaka, A., Yabumoto, Y., Nonaka, I., Enishi, O. and Kurihara, M., 2009. Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production and on methanogenic archaea and protozoal populations. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 5512–5522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boonnop, K., Wanapat, M. and Navanukraw, C., 2010. Replacement of soybean meal by yeast fermented-cassava chip protein (YEFECAP) in concentrate diets fed on rumen fermentation, microbial population and nutrient digestibilities in ruminants. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advanc, 9, 1727–1734.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrò, S., Guglielmelli, A., Iannaccone, F., Danieli, P.P., Tudisco, R., Ruggiero, C., Piccolo, G., Cutrignelli, M.I. and Infascelli, F., 2011. Fermentation kinetics of Sainfoin hay with and without PEG. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 96, 842–849.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Walker, N.D. and Bach, A., 2008. Effects of active dry yeasts on the rumen microbial ecosystem: Past, present and future. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 5–2.

  • Chen, X.B. and Gomes, M.J., 1995. Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivative-an overview of the technique details. Occasional Publication 1992. International Feed Resources Unit, Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denman, S.E., Tomkins, N.W. and McSweeney, C.S., 2007. Quantitation and diversity analysis of ruminal methanogenic populations in response to the antimethanogenic compound bromochloromethane. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 62, 313–322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dschaak, C.M., Williams, C.M., Holt, M.S., Eun, J.S., Young, A.J. and Min, B.R., 2011. Effects of supplementing condensed tannin extract on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and milk production of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 2508–2519.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Firkins, J.L., Yu, Z. and Morrison, M., 2007. Ruminal nitrogen metabolism: perspectives for integration of microbiology and nutrient for dairy. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 1–16.

  • Galo, E., Emanuele, S.M., Sniffen, C.J., White, J.H. and Knapp, J.R., 2003. Effects of a polymer-coated urea product on nitrogen metabolism in lactating Holstein dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 2154–2162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galyean, M., 1989. Laboratory Procedure in Animal Nutrition Research. Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, New Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guglielmelli, A., Calabrò, S., Cutrignelli, M.I., Gonzalez, O., Infascelli, F., Tudisco, R. and Piccolo, V., 2010. In vitro evaluation of diets with different protein sources. EAAP Publ. No. 127 Ed. by G.M. Crovetto. Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. on Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition, Parma (Italy), 6–10 September 2010, pp. 457–459.

  • Guglielmelli, A., Calabrò, S., Primi, R., Carone, F., Cutrignelli, M.I., Tudisco, R., Piccolo, G., Ronchi, B. and Danieli, P.P., 2011. In vitro fermentation patterns and methane production of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) hay with different condensed tannin contents. Grass and Forage Sci. 66, 488–500.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jouany, J.P., 1996. Effect of rumen protozoa on nitrogen utilization by ruminants. Journal of Nutrition, 126, 1335–1346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanpukdee, S. and Wanapat, M., 2008. Effects of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel and sunflower and coconut oil supplementation on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Livestock Research for Rural Development. (20) (supplement). Available online: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/ supplement/such2.htm.

  • Klita, P. T., Mathison, G. W., Fenton, T. W., Hardin, R. T., 1996. Effects of alfalfa root saponins on digestive function in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 74, 1144–1156.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koike, S., Kobayashi, Y., 2001. Develop and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria: Fibrobactor succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 204, 361–366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kongmun, P., Wanapat, M., Nontaso, N., Nishida, T. and Angthong, W., 2009. Effect of phytochemical and coconut oil supplementation on rumen ecology and methane production in ruminants. In: Proceedings of FAO/IAEA International Symposium on Sustainable Improvement of Animal Production and Health, 8–11 June 2009, Vienna, Austria. pp. 246–247.

  • Kongmun, P., Wanapat, M., Pakdee, P., Nawanukrew, C., 2010. Effect of coconut oil and garlic powder on in vitro fermentation using gas production technique. Livest. Sci. 127, 38–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, H.A. and Martin, S.A., 2002. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture and Saccharomyces cerevisiae live cells on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 2603–2608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manasri, N., Wanapat, M. and Navanukraw, C., 2012. Improving rumen fermentation and feed digestibility in cattle by mangosteen peel and garlic pellet supplementation. Livestock Science, 148, 291–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, A.R., Jouany, J.P. and Newbold, J., 2000. Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming. Annales de Zootechnie, 49, 231–253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naumann, H.D., Muir, J.P., Lambert, B.D., Tedeschi, L.O. and Kothmann, M.M., 2013. Condensed tannins in the ruminant environment: a perspective on biological activity. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1, 8–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newbold, C.J., El Hasan, S.M., Wang, J., Ortega, M.E. and Wallace, R.J., 1997. Influence of foliage from african multipurpose tress on activity of rumen protozoa and bacteria. British Journal of Nutrition, 78, 237–249.

  • Ngamsaeng, A., Wanapat, M. and Khampa, S., 2006. Effects of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana) supplementation on rumen ecology, microbial protein synthesis, digestibility and voluntary feed intake in cattle. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5, 445–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norrapoke, T., Wanapat, M. and Wanapat, S., 2012. Effects of protein level and mangosteen peel pellets (Mago-pel) in concentrate diets on rumen fermentation and milk production in lactating dairy crossbreds. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 25, 971 – 979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norrapoke, T., Wanapat, M. and Foiklang, S., 2014. Influence of tropical plant sources containing plant secondary compound on rumen fermentation using in vitro gas fermentation technique. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 84, 1004–1010.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oboh, G., 2006. Nutrient enrichment of cassava peels using a mixed culture of Sacchromyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus spp. solid media fermentation technique. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 9, 46–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oboh, G. and Akindahinsi, A.A., 2003. Biochemical changes in cassava products (flour & gari) subjected to Sacchromyces cerevisiae solid media fermentation. Food Chemistry, 82, 599–602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak, A.K., 2008. Various factors affecting microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Veterinary World, 1, 186–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patra, A.K. and Saxena, J., 2009. A review of the effect and mode of action of saponins on microbial population and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production. Nutrition Research Review, 22, 204–219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patra, A.K. and Saxena, J., 2010. A new perspective on the use of plant secondary metabolites to inhibit methanogenesis in the rumen. Photochemistry, 71, 1198–1222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patra, A.K., Kamra, D.N. and Agarwal, N., 2006. Effect of plant extracts on in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 128, 276–291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilajun, R. and Wanapat, M., 2011. Effect of coconut oil and mangosteen peel supplementation on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis in swamp buffaloes. Livestock Science, 141, 148–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polyorach, P., Wanapat, M. and Wanapat, S., 2012. Increasing protein content of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) using yeast in fermentation. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 40, 178–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polyorach, S., Wanapat, M. and Wanapat, S., 2013. Enrichment of protein content in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) by supplementing with yeast for use as animal feed. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 25, 142–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polyorach, S., Wanapat, M., Phesatcha, K. and Kang, S., 2015. Effect of different levels of mangosteen peel powder supplement on the performance of dairy cows fed concentrate containing yeast fermented cassava chip protein. Tropical Animal Health and Production, DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0888-2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poungchompu, O., Wanapat, M., Wachirapakorn, C., Wanapat, S. and Cherdthong, A., 2009. Manipulation of ruminal fermentation and methane production by dietary saponins and tannins from mangosteen peel and soapberry fruit. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 63, 389–400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SAS (Statistical Analysis System), 2013. User’s Guide: Statistic, Version 9.4th Edition. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H., 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvester, J.T., Karnati, S.K.R., Zhongtang, Y., Morrison, M. and Firkins, J.L., 2004. Development of an assay to quantify rumen ciliate protozoal biomass in cows using real-time PCR. Journal of Nutrition, 134, 3378–3384.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trinh, T.H.N., Wanapat, M. and Thao, T.N., 2012. Effect of mangosteen peel, garlic and urea pellet supplementation on rumen fermentation and microbial Protein synthesis of beef Cattle. Agriculture Journal, 7(2), 95–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A., 1991. Methods for dietary fiber neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583–3597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, R.J., McEwan, N.R., McIntosh, F.M., Teferedegne, B. and Newbold, C.J., 2002. Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 15, 1458–1468.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M. and Poungchompu, O., 2001. Method for estimation of tannin by vanillin-HCl method (A modified method of Burns, 1971). Department of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 4002, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M., Boonnop, K., Promkot, C. and Cherdthong, A., 2011b. Effects of alternative protein sources on rumen microbes and productivity of dairy cows. Mejo International Journal of Science and Technology, 5, 13–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M., Polyorach, S., Chanthakhoun, V. and Sornsongnern, N., 2011a. Yeast-fermented cassava chip protein (YEFECAP) concentrate for lactating dairy cows fed on urea–lime treated rice straw. Livestock Science, 139, 258–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M., Kongmun, P., Poungchompu, O., Cherdthong, A., Khejornsart, P., Pilajun, R. and Kaenpakdee, S., 2012. Effects of plants containing secondary compounds and plant oils on rumen fermentation and ecology. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44, 399–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wanapat, M., Chanthakhoun, V., Phesatcha, K. and Kang, S., 2014. Influence of mangosteen peel powder as a source of plant secondary compounds on rumen microorganism, volatile fatty acids, methane and microbial protein synthesis in ruminant. Livestock Science, 162, 126–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, A.G., Williams, A.J., Winder, B., Christophersen, C.T., Rodgers, S.L. and Smith, K.D., 2004. Molecular diversity of rumen methanogens from sheep in western Australia. Applied Environment and Microbiology, 70, 1263–1270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Z. and Morrison, M., 2004. Improved extraction of PCR-quality community DNA from digesta and fecal samples. Biology Techniques, 36, 808–812.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their most sincere thanks to all who have assisted and supported the research in this study, particularly the Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Dairy Farming Promotion Organization of Thailand (DPO), and Thailand Research Fund through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph. D. Scholarship Program for providing financial support of research and the use of research facilities.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Sineenart Polyorach, Metha Wanapat & Anusorn Cherdthong

  2. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology-Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Phang Khon, Sakon Nakhon, 47160, Thailand

    Sineenart Polyorach

  3. Agricultural Unit, Department of Education, National Institute of Education, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

    Sungchhang Kang

Authors
  1. Sineenart Polyorach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Metha Wanapat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anusorn Cherdthong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sungchhang Kang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Metha Wanapat.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Research involving human participants and/or animals

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Polyorach, S., Wanapat, M., Cherdthong, A. et al. Rumen microorganisms, methane production, and microbial protein synthesis affected by mangosteen peel powder supplement in lactating dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 48, 593–601 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1004-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1004-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation