Abstract
This study examined the association between household secondhand smoke exposure (HSHSE) and health status among non-smoking adolescents in Korea using two subsamples obtained from nationally representative cross-sectional secondary data: males (n = 25,653) and females (n = 31,187). Two self-reported HSHSE measures included exposure to household secondhand smoke during the week before the survey (yes or no) and number of days of HSHSE (1–7 days); and five self-reported health problems included asthma, perceived stress, depression, suicidal ideation, and self-rated health. For each subsample, this study performed (1) multivariate logistic regressions to examine HSHSE effects on asthma, depression, and suicidal ideation; and (2) multiple linear regressions to examine HSHSE effects on perceived stress and self-rated health. The rate and number of days of HSHSE were significantly higher among females (30.1% and 3.4 days) than among males (25.9% and 3.1 days). In both subsamples, HSHSE was associated with all five health problems (ORs 1.15–1.32; βs: 0.04–0.14). An increase in the number of days of HSHSE was positively associated with (1) greater perceived stress and poorer self-rated health in both subsamples (βs: 0.01–0.04), and (2) greater odds of asthma, depression, and suicidal ideation in the female subsample (ORs 1.03–1.12). Given the findings related to the strong associations (1) between HSHSE and physical, mental, and general health problems; and (2) between days of HSHSE and a greater number of health problems in females, health professionals should actively implement interventions that encourage adult smokers to stop smoking in their homes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agaku, I. T., & Vardavas, C. I. (2013). Disparities and trends in indoor exposure to secondhand smoke among U.S. adolescents: 2000–2009. PLoS ONE, 8(12), 1–5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083058.
Almqvist, C., Worm, M., & Leynaert, B. (2008). Impact of gender on asthma in childhood and adolescence: A GA2LEN review. Allergy, 63(1), 47–57. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01524.x.
An, A., & Watts, D. (n.d.). New SAS procedures for analysis of sample survey data. Retrieved from http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas/library/svy_survey.pdf.
Asbridge, M., Ralph, K., & Stewart, S. (2013). Private space second-hand smoke exposure and the mental health of non-smokers: A cross-sectional analysis of Canadian adults. Addictive Behaviors, 38(3), 1679–1686. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.10.008.
Avila-Tang, E., Al-Delaimy, W. K., Ashley, D. L., Benowitz, N., Bernert, J. T., Kim, S., et al. (2013). Assessing secondhand smoke using biological markers. Tobacco Control, 22(3), 164–171. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050298.
Avila-Tang, E., Elf, J. L., Cummings, K. M., Fong, G. T., Hovell, M. F., Klein, J. D., et al. (2013). Assessing secondhand smoke exposure with reported measures. Tobacco Control, 22(3), 156–163. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050296.
Baker, C. (2014). You’ve used FREQ, but have you used SURVEYFREQ? Paper presented at the SouthEast SAS Users Group, Myrtle Beach, SC.
Bakirtas, A. (2009). Acute effects of passive smoking on asthma in childhood. Inflammation & Allergy: Drug Targets, 8(5), 353–358. doi:10.2174/187152809790031261.
Bandiera, F. C. (2011). What are candidate biobehavioral mechanisms underlying the association between secondhand smoke exposure and mental health? Medical Hypotheses, 77(6), 1009–1010. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.08.036.
Bandiera, F. C., Richardson, A. K., Lee, D. J., He, J. P., & Merikangas, K. R. (2011). Secondhand smoke exposure and mental health among children and adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 165(4), 332–338. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.30.
Ben Noach, M., Steinberg, D. M., Rier, D. A., Goldsmith, R., Shimony, T., & Rosen, L. J. (2012). Ethnic differences in patterns of secondhand smoke exposure among adolescents in Israel. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(6), 648–656. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr261.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Disparities in secondhand smoke exposure? United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57(27), 744–747.
Charoenca, N., Kungskulniti, N., Tipayamongkholgul, M., Sujirarat, D., Lohchindarat, S., Mock, J., et al. (2013). Determining the burden of secondhand smoke exposure on the respiratory health of Thai children. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 11(1), 7. doi:10.1186/1617-9625-11-7.
Chen, X., & Gorrell, P. (2008). An introduction to the SAS ® survey analysis PROCs. Paper presented at the NorthEast SAS Users Group Pittsburgh, PA.
Cho, K. S. (2012). The effect of active smoking and second-hand smoke on wheezing and asthma among Korean adolescents. Health and Social Welfare Review, 32(4), 605–630.
Chungcheongnam-do Youth Development Agency. (2011). Study on status and need of youth activities in Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. Cheonan: CYDA.
Collins, B. N., & Ibrahim, J. (2012). Pediatric secondhand smoke exposure: Moving toward systematic multi-level strategies to improve health. Global Heart, 7(2), 161–165. doi:10.1016/j.gheart.2012.05.001.
Collins, B., Nair, U., Jaffe, K., Hovell, M., Wileyto, E., & Audrain-McGovern, J. (2010). Behavioral counseling with maternal smokers in underserved communities is effective in reducing young children’s SHS exposure. Baltimore, MD: Society for Research in Nicotine and Tobacco.
El Ansari, W. (2005). Passive smoking and chronic illness in children: Age and gender inequalities, and the fallacy of ‘low-strength’ cigarettes. Chronic Illness, 1(1), 87–91.
Florida Department of Health. (2012). Youth exposure to secondhand smoke. Retrieved from http://edocs.dlis.state.fl.us/fldocs/doh/tobacco/fyts/Fact_Sheet_5_Secondhand_Smoke_Exposure06.pdf.
Hamer, M., Ford, T., Stamatakis, E., Dockray, S., & Batty, G. D. (2011). Objectively measured secondhand smoke exposure and mental health in children: Evidence from the Scottish Health Survey. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 165(4), 326–331. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.243.
Hamer, M., Stamatakis, E., & Batty, G. D. (2010). Objectively assessed secondhand smoke exposure and mental health in adults: Cross-sectional and prospective evidence from the Scottish Health Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(8), 850–855. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.76.
Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293–319. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938.
Heeringa, S. G., West, B. T., & Berglund, P. A. (2010). Applied survey data analysis. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Helen, H., Laura, N., Colin, P., Andrew, P., & Alice, R. (2013). Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2012. Retrieved from http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB11334.
Helweg-Larsen, M., & Nielsen, G. A. (2009). Smoking cross-culturally: Risk perceptions among young adults in Denmark and the United States. Psychology & Health, 24(1), 81–93. doi:10.1080/08870440801932656.
Hockenberry, J. M., Timmons, E. J., & Vander Weg, M. (2010). Smoking, parent smoking, depressed mood, and suicidal ideation in teens. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12(3), 235–242. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp199.
Hughes, J. R. (2008). Smoking and suicide: A brief overview. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 98(3), 169–178. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.003.
Hughes, S. C., Corcos, I. A., Hofstetter, C. R., Hovell, M. F., Irvin, V. L., Park, H. R., et al. (2009). Home smoking restrictions among Koreans in Seoul. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 21(1), 63–70. doi:10.1177/1010539508327029.
Hwang, J. H., & Park, S.-W. (2016). Sex and age differences in exposure to secondhand smoke at home among Korean adolescents: A nationally representative survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(2), 241. doi:10.3390/ijerph13020241.
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997). Self-rated health and mortality: A review of twenty-seven community studies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38(1), 21–37.
Jarvie, J. A., & Malone, R. E. (2008). Children’s secondhand smoke exposure in private homes and cars: An ethical analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 98(12), 2140–2145. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130856.
Jarvis, M. J. (n.d.). Children’s exposure to passive smoking: Survey methodology and monitoring trends. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/jarvis.pdf?ua=1.
Jin, Y., Seiber, E. E., & Ferketich, A. K. (2013). Secondhand smoke and asthma: What are the effects on healthcare utilization among children? Preventive Medicine, 57(2), 125–128. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.05.003.
Jindal, S. K., & Gupta, D. (2004). The relationship between tobacco smoke & bronchial asthma. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 120(5), 443–453.
Kim, E. K., & Choo, J. (2012). Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and associated factors among college students on campus and in the home: A preliminary study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(1), 212–222. doi:10.3390/ijerph9010212.
Kim, S. S., Son, H., & Nam, K. A. (2005). The sociocultural context of Korean American men’s smoking behavior. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 27(5), 604–623. doi:10.1177/0193945905276258.
Leatherdale, S. T., & Ahmed, R. (2009). Second-hand smoke exposure in homes and in cars among Canadian youth: Current prevalence, beliefs about exposure, and changes between 2004 and 2006. Cancer Causes and Control, 20(6), 855–865. doi:10.1007/s10552-009-9306-2.
Leatherdale, S. T., Smith, P., & Ahmed, R. (2008). Youth exposure to smoking in the home and in cars: How often does it happen and what do youth think about it? Tobacco Control, 17(2), 86–92. doi:10.1136/tc.2007.022475.
Lee, K. J. (2014). Current smoking and secondhand smoke exposure and depression among Korean adolescents: Analysis of a national cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open, 4(2), e003734. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003734.
Lee, Y. K. (2014). The impact of introduction of five-day school week on adolescents’ time use. Korean Labor Economic Association Dissertation, 37(2), 49–78.
Manor, O., Matthews, S., & Power, C. (2001). Self-rated health and limiting longstanding illness: Inter-relationships with morbidity in early adulthood. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(3), 600–607. doi:10.1093/ije/30.3.600.
McConnell, R., Shen, E., Gilliland, F. D., Jerrett, M., Wolch, J., Chang, C.-C., et al. (2015). A longitudinal cohort study of body mass index and childhood exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and air pollution: The southern California children’s health study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 123(4), 360–366. doi:10.1289/ehp.1307031.
Ministry of Education, & Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). The Eighth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. Osong: KCDC.
Ministry of Education, & Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). The Ninth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. Osong: KCDC.
Ministry of Gender Equality & Family. (2014). Comprehensive survey of Korean youth. Retrieved from http://www.mogef.go.kr/korea/view/policyGuide/policyGuide07_07_01.jsp?func=view¤tPage=0&key_type=&key=&search_start_date=&search_end_date=&class_id=0&idx=695631.
Nakata, A., Takahashi, M., Ikeda, T., Hojou, M., Nigam, J. A., & Swanson, N. G. (2008). Active and passive smoking and depression among Japanese workers. Preventive Medicine, 46(5), 451–456. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.024.
Nakata, A., Takahashi, M., Swanson, N. G., Ikeda, T., & Hojou, M. (2009). Active cigarette smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at work and home, and self-rated health. Public Health, 123(10), 650–656. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2009.09.006.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.d.). Medical consequences of drug abuse. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/medical-consequences-drug-abuse.
Okoli, C. (2016). A comparison of survey measures and biomarkers of secondhand tobacco smoke exposure among nonsmokers. Public Health Nursing, 33(1), 82–89. doi:10.1111/phn.12207.
Okoli, C. T. C., & Kodet, J. (2015). A systematic review of secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and smoking behaviors: Smoking status, susceptibility, initiation, dependence, and cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 47, 22–32. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.018.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2014). Tobacco consumption. Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/tobacco-consumption-2014-1_tobacco-table-2014-1-en.
Orton, S., Jones, L. L., Cooper, S., Lewis, S., & Coleman, T. (2014). Predictors of children’s secondhand smoke exposure at home: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the evidence. PLoS ONE, 9(11), e112690. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112690.
Park, S., June, K. J., Lee, H. I., Lim, S., & Kim, J. (2013). Socioeconomic status: Specific correlates of secondhand smoking among adolescents and improvement plan. Seoul: Korea Health Promotion Foundation.
Postma, D. S. (2007). Gender differences in asthma development and progression. Gender Medicine, 4(Supplement 2), S133–S146. doi:10.1016/S1550-8579(07)80054-4.
Rachiotis, G., Siziya, S., Muula, A. S., Rudatsikira, E., Papastergiou, P., & Hadjichristodoulou, C. (2010). Determinants of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among non smoking adolescents (aged 11–17 years old) in Greece: Results from the 2004–2005 GYTS Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(1), 284–290. doi:10.3390/ijerph7010284.
Royal College of Physicians. (2010). Passive smoking and children: A report by the Tobacco Advisory Group. London: RCP.
Salvail, F. R. (2003). Exposure to second hand cigarette smoke at home. Hawaii: Department of Health, State of Hawaii.
Samet, J. M. (2011). Could secondhand smoke exposure harm the mental health of children? Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 165(4), 370–372. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.21.
Scherrer, J. F., Grant, J. D., Agrawal, A., Madden, P. A., Fu, Q., Jacob, T., et al. (2012). Suicidal behavior, smoking, and familial vulnerability. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(4), 415–424. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr230.
Shelley, D., Yerneni, R., Hung, D., Das, D., & Fahs, M. (2007). The relative effect of household and workplace smoking restriction on health status among Chinese Americans living in New York City. Journal of Urban Health, 84(3), 360–371. doi:10.1007/s11524-007-9190-6.
Shields, M. (2007). Smoking-prevalence, bans and exposure to second-hand smoke. Health Reports, 18(3), 67–85.
Shields, M., & Shooshtari, S. (2001). Determinants of self-perceived health. Health Reports, 13(1), 35–52.
Shiue, I. (2014). Modeling the effects of indoor passive smoking at home, work, or other households on adult cardiovascular and mental health: The Scottish Health Survey, 2008–2011. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(3), 3096–3107. doi:10.3390/ijerph110303096.
Sobotova, L., Liu, Y. H., Burakoff, A., Sevcikova, L., & Weitzman, M. (2011). Household exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with decreased physical and mental health of mothers in the USA. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 15(1), 128–137. doi:10.1007/s10995-009-0549-z.
Taha, F., & Goodwin, R. D. (2014). Secondhand smoke exposure across the life course and the risk of adult-onset depression and anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168, 367–372. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.014.
Twose, J., Schiaffino, A., Garcia, M., Borras, J. M., & Fernandez, E. (2007). Correlates of exposure to second-hand smoke in an urban Mediterranean population. BMC Public Health, 7, 194. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-194.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2006). The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. doi:10.1037/a0018697.
Wang, M. P., Ho, S. Y., Lo, W. S., Lai, M. K., & Lam, T. H. (2012). Smoking is associated with poor self-rated health among adolescents in Hong Kong. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(6), 682–687. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr266.
Wang, M. P., Ho, S. Y., Lo, W. S., & Lam, T. H. (2013). Secondhand smoke exposure and health services use among adolescent current smokers. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e64322. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064322.
Warren, C. W., Jones, N. R., Peruga, A., Chauvin, J., Baptiste, J. P., Costa de Silva, V., et al. (2008). Global youth tobacco surveillance, 2000–2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries, 57(1), 1–28.
Wong, S. L., Malaison, E., Hammond, D., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2013). Secondhand smoke exposure among Canadians: Cotinine and self-report measures from the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007–2009. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(3), 693–700. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts195.
World Health Organization. (2007). Gender and tobacco control: A policy brief. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization. (2010). Gender, women, and the tobacco epidemic. Manila: WHO.
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (2007). Exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/data/assets/pdf_file/0006/97422/3.4_WEB.pdf.
Acknowledgements
The author expresses her sincere thanks to Mr. Jon Mann, College Instructor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, Academic Center for Excellence, for reviewing and editing this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
The author analyzed secondary data. The IRB waived the requirement for obtaining informed consent due to the use of the de-identified data.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Park, S. Associations Between Household Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Health Problems Among Non-Smoking Adolescents in the Republic of Korea. J Primary Prevent 38, 385–402 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-017-0467-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-017-0467-6