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Noncoding RNAs Involved in Mammary Gland Development and Tumorigenesis: There’s a Long Way to Go

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Abstract

The mammalian genome encodes thousands of noncoding RNAs. These noncoding transcripts are broadly categorized into short noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) of greater than 200 nt. While the role of miRNAs in development and cancer biology has been extensively studied, much less is known about the vast majority of noncoding transcripts represented by lncRNAs. LncRNAs are emerging as key regulators of developmental processes and as such, their frequent misregulation in tumorigenesis and disease in not unexpected. The role of lncRNAs in mammary gland development and breast cancer is just beginning to be elucidated. This review will discuss the role of lncRNAs in mammalian and mammary gland development. In addition, we will review the contributions of lncRNAs to the stepwise progression of tumorigenesis, highlighting the role of lncRNAs in breast cancer.

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Abbreviations

miRNA:

microRNA

lncRNA:

long/large noncoding RNA

lincRNA:

long/large intergenic noncoding RNA

PRC2:

polycomb repressive complex-2

CoREST:

co-repressor for REST

REST:

repressor element-1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor

MLL1:

mixed lineage leukemia 1

Xist :

X-inactive specific transcript

RepA :

Repeat A

Kcnq1ot1 :

Kcnq1 overlapping transcript 1

Airn :

antisense Igf2r RNA noncoding

mESC:

mouse embryonic stem cell

Oct4:

octamer-binding transcription factor 4

Sox2:

SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2

EGO :

eosinophil granule ontogeny

HOTAIRM1 :

HOX antisense intergenic RNA myeloid 1

LincRNA-EPS :

lincRNA erythroid prosurvival 1

Evf2 :

embryonic ventral forebrain 1

GABA:

gamma-aminobutryic acid

Tug1 :

taurine-upregulated gene 1

RNCR :

retinal noncoding RNA

MIAT :

myocardial infarction associated transcript

ceRNA:

competing endogenous RNA

ANCR :

anti-differentiation noncoding RNA

SRA :

steroid receptor RNA activator

MMTV:

mouse mammary tumor virus

PINC :

pregnancy induced noncoding RNA

Zfas1 :

Znfx1 antisense RNA 1

mPINC1.0 :

mouse pregnancy induced noncoding RNA 1.0 Kb

mPINC1.6 :

mouse pregnancy induced noncoding RNA 1.6 Kb

RbAp46:

retinoblastoma associated protein 46

Znfx1:

zinc finger, NFX1-type containing 1

snoRNA:

small nucleolar RNA

TCGA:

the cancer genome atlas

Shh:

sonic hedgehog

BMP:

bone morphogenetic protein

MALAT1:

metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1

ER:

estrogen receptor

PR:

progesterone receptor

AGO2:

argonaute 2

UCR:

ultraconserved region

GWAS:

genome-wide association study

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Acknowledgements

ANS was supported by a Department of Defense Pre-doctoral Fellowship Award (W81XWH-06-1-0717). This work was supported by National Cancer Institute (NCI) Grants CA-16303 and CA148761.

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  1. Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Amy N. Shore & Jeffrey M. Rosen

  2. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Jason I. Herschkowitz & Jeffrey M. Rosen

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  1. Amy N. Shore
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Correspondence to Jeffrey M. Rosen.

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Amy N. Shore and Jason I. Herschkowitz contributed equally to this work.

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Shore, A.N., Herschkowitz, J.I. & Rosen, J.M. Noncoding RNAs Involved in Mammary Gland Development and Tumorigenesis: There’s a Long Way to Go. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 17, 43–58 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-012-9247-3

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