Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A critical review of all-cellulose composites

  • Materials in New Zealand
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cellulose is a fascinating biopolymer of almost inexhaustible quantity. While being a lightweight material, it shows outstanding values of strength and stiffness when present in its native form. Unsurprisingly, cellulose fibre has been rigorously investigated as a reinforcing component in biocomposites. In recent years, however, a new class of monocomponent composites based on cellulosic materials, so-called all-cellulose composites (ACCs) have emerged. These new materials promise to overcome the critical problem of fibre–matrix adhesion in biocomposites by using chemically similar or identical cellulosic materials for both matrix and reinforcement. A number of papers scattered throughout the polymer, composites and biomolecular science literature have been published describing non-derivatized and derivatized ACCs. Exceptional mechanical properties of ACCs have been reported that easily exceed those of traditional biocomposites. Several different processing routes have been applied to the manufacture of ACCs using a broad range of different solvent systems and raw materials. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the background chemistry and various cellulosic sources investigated, various synthesis routes, phase transformations of the cellulose, and mechanical, viscoelastic and optical properties of ACCs. The current difficulties and challenges of ACCs are clearly outlined, pointing the way forward for further exploration of this interesting subcategory of biocomposites.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A (2005) Angew Chem Int Edn 44(22):3358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Perepelkin KE (2003) In: Conference proceedings of the 4th Internationales Symposium “Werkstoffe aus Nachwachsenden Rohstoffen”, Erfurt, Germany

  3. Kolpak F, Blackwell J (1976) Macromolecules 9(2):273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Brown R Jr, Saxena I (2000) Plant Physiol Biochem 38(1–2):57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. O’Sullivan A (1997) Cellulose 4(3):173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Zugenmaier P (2001) Prog Polym Sci 26(9):1341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Morton WE, Hearle JWS (1962) Physical properties of textile fibres, vol 1. Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ishikawa A, Okano T, Sugiyama J (1997) Polymer 38(2):463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Vanderhart DL, Atalla RH (1984) Macromolecules 17(8):1465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mann J (1962) Pure Appl Chem 5:91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen W, Lickfield G, Yang C (2004) Polymer 45(3):1063

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sakurada I, Nukushina Y, Ito T (1962) J Polym Sci 57(165):651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nishino T, Takano K, Nakamae K (1995) J Polym Sci B 33(11):1647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nishino T, Matsuda I, Hirao K (2003) Cellulose self-reinforced composite. Paper presented at the ecocomposites, University of London

  15. Wegst U, Ashby M (2004) Philos Mag 84(21):2167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lyons W (1941) J Chem Phys 9:377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Staiger MP, Tucker N (2008) In: Pickering KL (ed) Properties and performance of natural-fibre composites, vol 1. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, p 269

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Gray D (1974) J Polym Sci 12(9):509

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. McAllister DH, Pearson P, Wells H (1982) In: Proceedings of the reinforced plastics congress, British Plastics Federation, Brighton, UK, p. 3

  20. Bledzki AK, Gassan J (1999) Prog Polym Sci 24(2):221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Eichhorn SJ, Baillie CA, Zafeiropoulus N et al (2001) J Mater Sci 36:2107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Saheb DN, Jog NP (1999) Adv Polym Technol 18:351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wambua P, Ivens J (2003) Compos Sci Technol 63:1259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Anandjiwala RD, Blouw S (2004) In: Proceedings of the FAO global workshop: bast fibrous plants for healthy life, Banja Luka, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 2004

  25. Bodros E, Pillin I, Montrelay N, Baley C (2007) Compos Sci Technol 67:462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Carus M, Gahle C, Pendarovski C, Vogt D, Ortmann S, Grotenhermen F, Breuer T, Schmidt C (2008) Studie Zur Markt- Und Konkurrenzsituation Bei Naturfasern Und Naturfaserwerkstoffen (Deutschland Und Eu), vol 26. Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (FNR), Gülzow

    Google Scholar 

  27. Karus M, Kaup M (2002) J Int Hemp Assoc 7(1):119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Karus M, Ortmann S (2005) Kunststoffe 7:51

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bos H (2004) The potential of flax fibres as reinforcement for composite materials. Technische Universität Eindhoven, Eindhoven

    Google Scholar 

  30. Fowler PA, Hughes JM, Elias RM (2006) J Sci Food Agric 86(12):1781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gassan J (1999) Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 272:17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Jacob John M, Thomas S (2008) Carbohydr Polym 71:343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Oksman K, Wallstrom L, Berglund LA, Toledo RD (2002) J Appl Polym Sci 84(13):2358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mohanty A, Misra M, Drzal L (2002) J Environ Polym Degr 10(1):19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Müssig J, Cescutti G, Fischer H (2006) In: Bouloc P (ed) Le Chanvre Industriel—Production Et Utilisations, vol 1. Groupe France Agricole (Editions France Agricole), Paris, p 235

    Google Scholar 

  36. Müssig J, Fischer H, Graupner N, Drieling A (2010) In: Müssig J (ed) Industrial applications of natural fibres structure, properties and technical applications, vol 1. Wiley, Chichester, p 269

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  37. Huber T, Graupner N, Müssig J (2010) In: Müssig J (ed) Industrial applications of natural fibres structure, properties and technical applications, vol 1. Wiley, Chichester, p 407

    Google Scholar 

  38. Cheung HY, Lau KT, Tao XM, Hui DA (2008) Compos B 39(6):1026

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Czaja WK, Young DJ, Kawecki M, Brown RM (2007) Biomacromolecules 8(1):1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Habibi Y, Dufresne A (2008) Biomacromolecules 9(7):1974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hong L, Wang YL, Jia SR, Huang Y, Gao C, Wan YZ (2006) Mater Lett 60(13–14):1710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Müssig J, Schmehl M, Von Buttlar HB, Schönfeld U (2006) Smc-Werkstoff Aus Naturfasern Und Pflanzenölharz—Entwicklung Eines Karosseriebauteils Auf Basis Nachwachsender Rohstoffe. Kunststoffe 96

  43. Riedel U, Nickel J (2001) Materialwissenschaft Werkstofftechnik 32(5):493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Romhany G, Karger-Kocsis J, Czigany T (2003) Macromol Mater Eng 288(9):699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Huber T, Müssig J (2008) Compos Interfaces 15(2–3):335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. D′Almeida (1991) J Mater Sci Lett 2:3

    Google Scholar 

  47. Drzal LT (1993) J Mater Sci 28:569. doi:10.1007/BF01151234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Arbelaiz A, Fernandez B, Ramos J, Retegi A, Llano-Ponte R, Mondragon I (2005) Compos Sci Technol 65(10):1582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. George J, Sreekala MS, Thomas SA (2001) Polym Eng Sci 41(9):1471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Caulfield D, Feng D, Prabawa S, Young R, Sanadi A (1999) Die Angew Makromol Chem 272(4757):57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jacob M, Joseph S, Pothan L, Thomas SA (2005) Compos Interfaces 12(1):95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Tu X, Young R, Denes F (1994) Cellulose 1(1):87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Huber T, Biedermann U, Müssig J (2010) Compos Interfaces 17(4):371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Bodin A, Concaro S, Brittberg M, Gatenholm P (2007) J Tissue Eng Regen Med 1(5):406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Piao H, Duchemin B, Dean S, Schrecker S, Pietak A, Gostomski PA, Staiger MP (2005) In: Proceedings of the ecocomposites, Stockholm, Sweden

  56. Bhatnagar A, Sain M (2005) J Reinf Plast Compos 12:1259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Orts WJ, Shey J, Imam SH, Glenn GM, Guttman ME, Revol JF (2005) J Environ Polym Degr 13(4):301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Oksman K, Mathew A, Bondeson D, Kvien I (2006) Compos Sci Technol 66(15):2776

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Azizi Samir MAS, Alloin F, Dufresne A (2005) Biomacromolecules 6(2):612

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Helbert W, Cavaille J (1996) Polym Compos 17(4):604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kohler R, Nebel K (2006) Macromol Symp 244(1):97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Fay HB (1942) Reinforced Vulcanized Fiber Backing Belt. US Patent 2,293,246

  63. Capiati N, Porter R (1975) J Mater Sci 10(10):1671. doi:10.1007/bf00554928

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Mead W, Porter R (1978) J Appl Polym Sci 22(11):3249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Teishev A, Marom G (1995) J Appl Polym Sci 56(8):959

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Alcock B, Cabrera N, Barkoula NM, Loos J, Peijs T (2003) In: Proceedings of the ecocomposite, London, UK

  67. Pegoretti A, Zanolli A, Migliaresi C (2006) Compos Sci Technol 66(13):1953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Matabola K, De Vries A, Moolman F, Luyt A (2009) J Mater Sci 44(23):6213. doi:10.1007/s10853-009-3792-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Nishino T, Matsuda I, Hirao K (2004) Macromolecules 37(20):7683

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Duchemin BJC, Newman RH, Staiger MP (2009) Compos Sci Technol 69(7–8):1225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Gindl W, Keckes J (2005) Polymer 46(23):10221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Swatloski R, Spear S, Holbrey J, Rogers R (2002) J Am Chem Soc 124(18):4974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Zhao H, Xia S, Ma P (2005) J Chem Technol Biotechnol 80(10):1089

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Heinze T, Schwikal K, Barthel S (2005) Macromol Biosci 5(6):520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Yang Z, Pan W (2005) Enzym Microbial Technol 37(1):19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Rogers R, Seddon K, Meeting ACS (2003) Ionic liquids as green solvents: progress and prospects. American Chemical Society, Washington

    Book  Google Scholar 

  77. Johnson D (1969) Process for strengthening swellable fibrous material with an amine oxide and the resulting material. United States Patent 3447956

  78. McCormick C (1981) Novel cellulose solutions. United States Patent 4278790

  79. Isogai A, Atalla R (1995) Alkaline method for dissolving cellulose. United States Patent 5410034

  80. Graenacher C (1934) Cellulose solution. United States Patent 1943176

  81. Rosenau T, Potthast A, Sixta H, Kosma P (2001) Prog Polym Sci 26(9):1763

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Fink HP, Weigel P, Purz H, Ganster J (2001) Prog Polym Sci 26(9):1473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. McCorsley C III (1981) Process for shaped cellulose article prepared from a solution containing cellulose dissolved in a tertiary amine N-oxide solvent. United States Patent 5410034

  84. Sfiligoj Smole M, Peršin Z, Kreže T, Stana Kleinschek K, Ribitsch V, Neumayer S (2003) Mater Res Innov 7(5):275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Chanzy H, Paillet M, Hagege R (1990) Polymer 31(3):400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Turbak A, El-Kafrawy A, Snyder Jr F, Auerbach A (1981) Solvent system for cellulose. Unit\ed States Patent 4302252

  87. Ishii D, Tatsumi D, Matsumoto T (2003) Biomacromolecules 4(5):1238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ishii D, Kanazawa Y, Tatsumi D, Matsumoto T (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 103(6):3976

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Seurin MJ, Sixou P (1987) Eur Polym J 23(1):77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Bianchi E, Ciferri A, Conio G, Cosani A (1985) Macromolecules 18(4):646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Gindl W, Martinschitz KJ, Boesecke P, Keckes J (2006) Compos Sci Technol 66(15):2639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Gindl W, Martinschitz KJ, Boesecke P, Keckes J (2006) Biomacromolecules 7(11):3146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Gindl W, Schoeberl T, Keckes J (2006) J Appl Phys A 83(1):19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Nishino T, Arimoto N (2005) In: Conference proceedings of the ecocomposite, Tokyo, Japan

  95. Nishino T, Arimoto N (2007) Biomacromolecules 8:2712

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Soykeabkaew N, Sian C, Gea S, Nishino T, Peijs T (2009) Cellulose 16:435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Soykeabkaew N, Arimoto N, Nishino T, Peijs T (2008) Compos Sci Technol 68(10–11):2201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Soykeabkaew N, Nishino T, Peijs T (2009) Compos A 16(3):435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Qin C, Soykeabkaew N, Xiuyuan N, Peijs T (2008) Carbohydr Polym 71(3):458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Yan L, Gao Z (2008) Cellulose 15(6):789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Vehviläinen M, Kamppuri T, Rom M, Janicki J (2008) Cellulose 15(5):671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Ruan D, Zhang L, Lue A, Zhou J, Chen H, Chen X, Chu B, Kondo TA (2006) Macromol Rapid Commun 27(17):1495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Cai J, Zhang L, Zhou J, Li H, Chen H, Jin H (2004) Macromol Rapid Commun 25(17):1558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Kamida K, Okajima K, Matsui T, Kowsaka K (1984) Polym J 16(12):857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Cuissinat C, Navard P (2006) Macromol Symp 244(1):19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Jin H, Zha C, Gu L (2007) Carbohydr Res 342(6):851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Kuo Y, Hong J (2005) Polym Adv Technol 16(5):425

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Cao Y, Tan H (2006) J Appl Polym Sci 102(1):920

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Liang S, Zhang L, Li Y, Xu J (2007) Macromol Chem Phys 208(6):594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Isogai A, Atalla R (1998) Cellulose 5(4):309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Yamashiki T, Matsui T, Saitoh M, Okajima K, Kamide K (1990) Br Polym J 22(1):73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Kunze J, Fink H (2005) Macromol Symp 223(1):175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Ramnial T, Ino D, Clyburne J (2005) Chem Commun 2005(3):325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Forsyth S, Pringle J, MacFarlane D (2004) ChemInform 35(20):113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Zhao Q, Yam RCM, Zhang B, Yang Y, Cheng X, Li R (2009) Cellulose 16(2):217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Remsing R, Swatloski R, Rogers R, Moyna G (2006) Chem Commun (Camb) 28(12):1271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Pinkert A, Marsh K, Pang S (2009) Chem Rev 109:6712

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Thuy Pham TP, Cho CW, Yun YS (2010) Water Res 44(2):352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Swatloski RP, Holbrey JD, Rogers RD (2003) Green Chem 5(4):361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Duchemin BJC, Newman RH, Staiger MP (2007) Cellulose 14(4):311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Mohanty AK, Misra M, Hinrichsen G (2000) Macromol Mater Eng 276–277(1):1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Ouajai S, Shanks RA (2009) Compos Sci Technol 69(13):2119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Bledzki AK, Fink HP, Specht K (2004) J Appl Polym Sci 93(5):2150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Zhou LM, Yeung KWP, Yuen CWM (2002) Text Res J 72(6):531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Qi H, Cai J, Zhang L, Kuga S (2009) Biomacromolecules 10(6):1597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Duchemin BJC, Mathew AP, Oksman K (2009) Compos A 40(12):2031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Petersson L, Oksman K (2006) In: Oksman K, Sain M (eds) Cellulose nanocomposites—processing, characterization and properties, vol 1. American Chemical Society, Washington, p 133

    Google Scholar 

  128. Mathew AP, Chakraborty A, Oksman K, Sain M (2006) In: Oksman KSM (ed) Cellulose nanocomposites—processing, characterization and properties, vol 1. American Chemical Society, Washington, p 115

    Google Scholar 

  129. Bax B, Müssig J (2008) Compos Sci Technol 68(7–8):1601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Sreekumar PA, Albert P, Unnikrishnan G, Joseph K, Thomas S (2008) J Appl Polym Sci 109(3):1547

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Madsen B, Lilholt H (2003) Compos Sci Technol 63(9):1265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Khondker OA, Ishiaku US, Nakai A, Hamada HA (2006) Compos A 37(12):2274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Van de Weyenberg I, Truong TC, Vangrimde B (2006) Compos A 37(9):1368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Ochi S (2008) Mech Mater 40(4–5):446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Yano S, Hatakeyama H, Hatakeyama T (1976) J Appl Polym Sci 20(12):3221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Szczesniak L, Rachocki A, Tritt-Goc J (2008) Cellulose 15(3):445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Nishiyama Y, Langan P, Chanzys H (2002) J Am Chem Soc 124(31):9074

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Shen T, Gnanakaran S (2009) Biophys J 96(8):3032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Jafarpour G, Dantras E, Boudet A, Lacabanne C (2007) J Non-Cryst Solids 353(44–46):4108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Montes H, Mazeau K, Cavaille J (1997) Macromolecules 30(22):6977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Montes H, Mazeau K (1998) J Non-Cryst Solids 235:416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Manabe S, Iwata M, Kamide K (1986) Polym J 18(1):1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Hongo T, Yamane C, Saito M, Okajima K (1996) Polym J 28(9):769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Yamane C, Mori M, Saito M, Okajima K (1996) Polym J 28(12):1039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Zickler GA, Wagermaier W, Funari SS, Burghammer M, Paris O (2007) J Anal Appl Pyrol 80(1):134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Nogi M, Handa K, Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2005) Appl Phys Lett 87:243110

    Google Scholar 

  147. Edgar KJ, Buchanan CM, Debenham JS, Rundquist PA, Seiler BD, Shelton MC, Tindall D (2001) Prog Polym Sci 26(9):1605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Ganster J, Fink H (2006) Cellulose 13(3):271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Heinze T, Liebert T, Pfeiffer K, Hussain M (2003) Cellulose 10(3):283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Seavey K, Ghosh I, Davis R (2001) Cellulose 8(2):149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Glasser WG (2004) Macromol Symp 208(1):371

    Google Scholar 

  152. Glasser WG, Taib R, Jain RK, Kander R (1999) J Appl Polym Sci 73(7):1329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Woodings C (2001) Regenerated cellulose fibres, vol 1. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Boca Ranton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  154. Shen L, Patel MK (2010) Lenzinger Berichte 88:1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Lorand EJ, Georgi EA (1937) J Am Chem Soc 59(7):1166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Wolfrom ML, Eltaraboulsi MA (1954) J Am Chem Soc 76(8):2216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Lu X, Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Shi G, Yang GC (2001) Adv Compos Lett 10(2):73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Lu X, Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Shi G (2002) Polym Compos 23(4):624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Lu X, Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Shi G, Yang GC (2003) Compos Sci Technol 63(2):177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Lu X (2005) Compos Sci Technol 65(15–16):2514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Lu X, Zhang MQ, Rong MZ, Shi G, Yang GC, Zeng HM (1999) Adv Compos Lett 8(5):231

    Google Scholar 

  162. de Menezes AJ, Pasquini D, Curvelo AAD (2009) Cellulose 16(2):239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. de Menezes AJ, Pasquini D, Curvelo AAD (2009) Carbohydr Polym 76(3):437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Gandini A, Curvelo AAD, Pasquini D, de Menezes AJ (2005) Polymer 46(24):10611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Matsumura H, Glasser WG (2000) J Appl Polym Sci 78(13):2254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Matsumura H, Sugiyama J (2000) J Appl Polym Sci 78(13):2242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Bodin A, Backdahl H, Fink H, Gustafsson L, Risberg B, Gatenholm P (2007) Biotechnol Bioeng 97(2):425

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Jiang HJ, Wang YL, Jia SR, Huang Y, He F, Wan YZ (2007) Bioceramics 19(330–332):923

    Google Scholar 

  169. Muller FA, Muller L, Hofmann I, Greil P, Wenzel MM, Staudenmaier R (2006) Biomaterials 27(21):3955

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Wan YZ, Huang Y, Yuan CD, Raman S, Zhu Y, Jiang HJ, He F, Gao C (2007) Mater Sci Eng 27(4):855

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Yun S, Chen Y, Nayak JN, Kim J (2008) Sens Actuators B 129(2):652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Je C-H, Kim KJ (2004) Sens Actuators A 112(1):107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Kim J, Yun S, Lee S (2008) J Intell Mater Syst Struct 19(3):417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Weigel P, Fink H, Frigge K, Schwarz W (2001) Process of manufacturing orientated cellulose films. EP Patent 0,766,709

  175. Sweetnam P, Taylor S, Elwood P (1987) Br Med J 44(4):220

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the financial support of the New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science, and Technology.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Tim Huber & Mark P. Staiger

  2. Department for Biomimetics, University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Neustadtswall 30, 28199, Bremen, Germany

    Jörg Müssig

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Owen Curnow

  4. Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Shusheng Pang

  5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Auckland, Tamaki Campus, Auckland, New Zealand

    Simon Bickerton

Authors
  1. Tim Huber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jörg Müssig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Owen Curnow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shusheng Pang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Simon Bickerton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mark P. Staiger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark P. Staiger.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Huber, T., Müssig, J., Curnow, O. et al. A critical review of all-cellulose composites. J Mater Sci 47, 1171–1186 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5774-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5774-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation