Abstract
Diseases such as “ice-ice” and “goose bumps” are responsible for loss of almost 70% of infected Kappaphycus production. To improve the growth of K. alvarezii and reduce the impact of diseases, the effect of the commercial Ascophyllum nodosum extract was tested. Five grams of apical branches of each K. alvarezii variant (n = 6) were bathed at different extract concentrations (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 g L−1) for 1 hour. To test the effect of the extract on epiphytes apical tips were not cleaned. After 2 weeks, the epiphytes such as Cladophora sp. and Ulva sp. disappeared. Polysiphonia subtilissima survived but its appearance was weak. The highest K. alvarezii growth rates were observed at extract concentrations of 15 and 20 g L−1 (p < 0.001), almost double the expected for a 45-day production cycle used at Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. These results show that the extract was efficient at improving the growth of K. alvarezii and reducing the presence of some epiphytes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ask EI, Azanza RV (2002) Advances in cultivation technology of commercial eucheumatoid species: a review with suggestion for future research. Aquaculture 206:257–277 doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00724-4
Blunden G, Jenkin T, Yan-Wen L (1996) Enhanced leaf chlorophyll levels in plants treated with seaweed extract. J Appl Phycol 8(6):535–554 doi:10.1007/BF02186333
Guiry MD, Blunden G (1991) Seaweed resources in Europe: uses and potential. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd., pp xi, 432
Guiry MD, Guiry GM (2008). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org. Accessed 17 July 2008
Hurtado AQ, Bleicher-Lhonneur G, Crichley AT (2005) Kappaphycus ‘cottonii’ farming. Integrated Services for the Development of aquaculture and Fisheries, Philippines, p 26
Hurtado AQ, Crichley AT, Bleicher-Lhonneur G (2006) Occurrence of Polysiphonia epiphytes in Kappaphycus farms at Calaguas Is., Camarines Norte, Philippines. J Appl Phycol 18:301–306 doi:10.1007/s10811-006-9032-z
Largo DB, Fukami F, Nishijima T, Olino M (1995a) Laboratory-induced development of the ice-ice disease of the farmed red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 7:539–543 doi:10.1007/BF00003940
Largo DB, Fukami F, Nishijima T (1995b) Occasional bacteria promoting ice-ice disease in the carrageenan-producing red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 7:545–554 doi:10.1007/BF00003941
Largo DB, Fukami K, Adachi M, Nishijima T (1997) Direct enumeration of total bacteria from macroalgae by epifluorescence microscopy asapplied to the fleshy red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria spp. (Rhodophyta). J Phycol 33:554–557 doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00554.x
Largo DB, Fukami MAK, Nishijima T (1998) Immunofluorescent detection of ice-ice disease-promoting bacterialstrain Vibrio sp. P11 of the farmed macroalga, Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J Mar Biotechnol 6:178–182
Leach WL, Plunkett BA, Blunden G (1999) Reduction of nitrate leaching from soil treated with an Ascophyllum nodosum based soil conditioning agent. J Appl Phycol 11:593–594 doi:10.1023/A:1008163024879
Reis RP, Caldeira AQ, Miranda APSM, Barros-Barreto MB (2006) Potencial para maricultura da carragenófita Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J. V. Lamour. (Gigartinales—Rhodophyta) na Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Acta Bot Bras. 20(4):763–769 doi:10.1590/S0102-33062006000400002
Robertson-Andersson DV, Leitao D, Bolton JJ, Anderson RJ, Njobeni A, Ruck K (2006) Can kelp extract (KELPAK®) be useful in seaweed mariculture? J Appl Phycol 18:315–321 doi:10.1007/s10811-006-9030-1
Salisbury FB, Ross CW (1992) Plant physiology. Wadsworth, California, p 234
Trono GC Jr (1974) Eucheuma farming in the Philippines. U.P. Natural Science Research Centre, Quezon City
Uyenco FR, Saniel LS, Jacinto GS (1981) The ‘ice-ice’ problem in seaweed farming. Proc Int Seaweed Symp 10:625–630
Vairappan CS (2006) Seasonal occurrences of epiphytic algae on the commercially cultivated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 18:611–617 doi:10.1007/s10811-006-9062-6
Vairappan CS, Chung CS, Hurtado AQ, Soya FE, Bleicher-Lhonneur G, Critchley A (2008) Distribution and symptoms of epiphyte infection in major carrageenophyte-producing farms. J Appl Phycol 20:477–483 doi:10.1007/s10811-007-9299-8
Acknowledgments
We thank Acadian Seaplants Limited (http://www.acadianseaplants.com/index.html) for providing A. nodosum extract and Sete Ondas Biomar (http://www.seteondasbiomar.com.br) for the K. alvarezii samples.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Loureiro, R.R., Reis, R.P. & Critchley, A.T. In vitro cultivation of three Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Areschougiaceae) variants (green, red and brown) exposed to a commercial extract of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucaceae, Ochrophyta). J Appl Phycol 22, 101–104 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-009-9412-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-009-9412-2