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Hydrogeochemical features of groundwater of semi-confined coastal aquifer in Amol–Ghaemshahr plain, Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran

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Abstract

Hydrogeochemical data of groundwater from the semi-confined aquifer of a coastal two-tier aquifer in Amol–Ghaemshahr plain, Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran reveal salinization of the fresh groundwater (FGW). The saline groundwater zone is oriented at an angle to both Caspian Sea coastline and groundwater flow direction and extends inland from the coastline for more than 40 km. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient matrices, factor analysis data, and values of C ratio, chloro-alkaline indices, and Na+/Cl− molar ratio indicate that the ionic load in the FGW is derived essentially from carbonic acid-aided weathering of carbonates and aluminosilicate minerals, relict connate saline water, and ion exchange reactions. Saline groundwater samples (SGWS) (n = 20) can be classified into two groups. SGWS of group 1 (n = 17) represent the saline groundwater zone below the Caspian Sea level, and salinization is attributed essentially to (1) lateral intrusion of Caspian seawater as a consequence of (a) excessive withdrawal of groundwater from closely spaced bore wells located in the eastern part of the coastal zone and (b) imbalance between recharge and discharge of the two-tier aquifer and (2) upconing of paleobrine (interfaced with FGW) along deep wells. SGWS of this group contain, on average, 7.9 % of saltwater, the composition of which is similar to that of Caspian seawater. SGWS of group 2 (n = 3) belong to the saline groundwater zone encountered above the Caspian Sea level, and salinization of the groundwater representing these samples is attributed to irrigation return flow (n = 2) and inflow of saline river water (n = 1).

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Dr. B. Krishna Rao and A. Balasubramanian, Mysore, India and Dr. N.C. Mondal and Dr. V.S. Singh, NGRI, Hyderabad, India for the critical examination of the earlier version of the manuscript. The first author is grateful to S. Khademy and F. Mahbobi, Mazandaran Regional Water Authority, Sari City, Iran for providing logistic support during fieldwork and sample collection. The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewer for providing constructive comments and valuable suggestions for improving the quality and contents of the earlier manuscript. Authors are highly thankful to the Editor-in-Chief and his staff for the meticulous editorial work.

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  1. Department of Studies in Earth Science, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore, 570006, India

    Houshang Khairy

  2. Department of Earth Science and Resource Management, Yuvaraja’s College, University of Mysore, Mysore, 570005, India

    M. R. Janardhana

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  1. Houshang Khairy
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Correspondence to M. R. Janardhana.

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Khairy, H., Janardhana, M.R. Hydrogeochemical features of groundwater of semi-confined coastal aquifer in Amol–Ghaemshahr plain, Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. Environ Monit Assess 185, 9237–9264 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3248-6

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