Abstract
The survey of nitrosamine occurrence at Korean surface water of Nakdong river is conducted in this study. For this purpose, the nitrosamine analytical method based on more affordable GC/LRMS (low resolution mass spectrometry) has been developed. According to the study results, six nitrosamine compounds (NDEA as N-nitrosomethylethylamine, NDPA as N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine, NDMA as N-nitrosodimethylamine, NMEA as N-nitrosomethylethylamine, NDBA as N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine, and NDPHA as N-nitrosodiphenylamine) were detected at the Nakdong river. Among these, NDEA and NDPA are the most important compounds in terms of the nitrosamine contamination of the Nakdong river. The detected concentration of NDEA exceeded the CDHCS (California Department of Health Care Services) response level of 100 ng/L at several sites. The detected concentration of NDPA approached the response level (500 ng/L) at a few sites. When all nitrosamine concentrations were summed up, the maximum concentration of 735.7 ng/L was detected at the Nakdong river. An equation describing a decrease in total nitrosamine concentration along downstream sampling sites was proposed in this study. The equation can be used to predict the downstream nitrosamine contamination at the Nakdong river. Among various water quality parameters, T-N showed a good correlation with total nitrosamine concentration.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asami, M., Oya, M., & Kosaka, K. (2009). A nationwide survey of NDMA in raw and drinking water in Japan. The Science of the Total Environment, 407, 3540–3545.
Charrois, J. W. A., Arend, M. W., Froese, K. L., & Hrudey, S. E. (2004). Detecting N-nitrosamines in drinking water at nanogram per liter levels using ammonia positive chemical ionization. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 4835–4841.
Cheng, R.C., Andrews-Tate, C., Hwang , C.J., Guo, Y.C., Grebel, J.E., & Suffet I.H.S. (2004). Development of low cost method(s) for NDMA analysis: round-robin testing. In: Proceedings of AWWA WQTC, Nov, 14–18, San Antonio, Texas.
Cheng, R. C., Hwang, C. J., Andrews-Tate, C., Yingbo, G., Carr, S., & Suffet, I. H. (2006). Alternative methods for the analysis of NDMA and other nitrosamines in water. JAWWA, 98(12), 82–96.
Choi, J., & Valentine, R. L. (2002). Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from reaction of monochloroamine: a new disinfection by-product. Water Research, 36, 817–824.
Eaton, A., & Briggs, M. (2000). NDMA—analytical methods options for a new disinfection by product? Proceedings of AWWA WQTC, Salt Lake City.
Fleming, E. C., Pennington, J. C., Wachob, B. G., Howe, R. A., & Hill, D. O. (1996). Removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine from waters using physical–chemical techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 51, 151–164.
Gavinelli, M., Fanelli, R., Bonfanti, M., Davoli, E., & Airoldi, L. (1988). Volatile nitrosamines in foods and beverages: preliminary survey of the Italian market. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40, 41–46.
Grebel, J. E., Young, C. C., & Suffet, I. H. (2006). Solid-phase microextraction of N-nitrosamines. Journal of Chromatography. A, 1117, 11–18.
Hotchkiss, J. H. (1989). Preformed N-nitroso compounds in foods and beverages. Cancer Surveys, 8, 295–321.
Kim, G., Roh, J., Bin, J., & Kim, C. (2010). Investigating of nitrosamines in small tributary rivers, sewage treatment plants and drinking water treatment plants. Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality, 26, 446–453.
Krauss, M., Longrée, P., Dorusch, F., Ort, C., & Hollende, J. (2009). Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosamines in wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 43, 4381–4391.
Mitch, W. A., & Sedlak, D. L. (2002). Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from dimethylamine during chlorination. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 588–595.
Mitch, W. A., & Sedlak, D. L. (2004). Characterization and fate of N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 1445–1454.
Mitch, W. A., Sharp, J. O., Trussel, R. R., Valentine, R. L., Alvarez-Cohen, L., & Sedlak, D. L. (2003). N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a drinking water contaminant: a review. Environmental Engineering Science, 20, 389–404.
Oh, M. C., Oh, C. K., Yang, T. S., & Kim, S. H. (2004). The content of N-nitrosamine in import fishes. The Korean Journal of Culinary Research, 10, 30–37.
OMEE. (2010). Protocol of accepted drinking water testing methods http://www.ontario.ca/drinkingwater/stel01_046886.pdf, 22.06.2011.
Pehlivanoglu-Mantas, E., & Sedlak, D. L. (2006). The fate of wastewater-derived NDMA precursors in the aquatic environment. Water Research, 40, 1287–1293.
Planas, C., Palacios, O., Ventura, F., Rivera, J., & Caixach, J. (2008). Analysis of nitrosamines in water by automated SPE and isotope dilution GC/HRMS: occurrence in the different steps of a drinking water treatment plant, and in chlorinated samples from a reservoir and a sewage treatment plant effluent. Talanta, 76, 906–913.
Pozzi, R., Bocchini, P., Pinelli, F., & Galletti, G. C. (2011). Determination of nitrosamines in water by gas chromatography/chemical ionization/selective ion trapping mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography. A, 1218(14), 1808–1814.
Scalan, R.A. (2000). Nitrosamines and cancer. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/f-w00/nitrosamine.html, 22.06.2011.
Spectrum Laboratories Inc. (2009). www.speclab.com, 22.06.2011.
Templeton, M. R., & Chen, Z. (2010). NDMA and seven other nitrosamines in selected UK drinking water supply systems. Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-AQUA, 59(4), 277–283.
Tricker, A. R., Spiegelhalder, B., & Preussmann, R. (1989). Environmental exposure to preformed nitroso compounds. Cancer Surveys, 8, 207–239.
USEPA. (1987). N-nitrosodiethylamine CASRN 55-18-5 (01/31/87), Integrated risk information service, Substance file. http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0042.htm, 22.06.2011.
USEPA. (1987). N-nitrosodimethylamine CASRN 62-75-9 (04/01/97), Integrated risk information service, Substance file. http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0045.htm, 22.06.2011.
USEPA. (2004). Method 521: determination of nitrosamines in drinking water by solid phase extraction and capillary column gas chromatography with large volume injection and chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/m_521.pdf, 22.06.2011.
Yurchenko, S., & Mölder, U. (2005). N-nitrosodimethylamine analysis in Estonian beer using positive-ion chemical ionization with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 89, 455–463.
Zhao, Y. Y., Boyd, J., Hrudey, S. E., & Li, X. F. (2006). Characterization of new nitrosamines in drinking water using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 7636–7641.
Zhao, Y. Y., Boyd, J. M., Woodbeck, M., Andrews, R. C., Qin, F., Hrudey, S. E., & Li, X. F. (2008). Formation of N-nitrosamines from eleven disinfection treatments of seven different surface waters. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 4857–4862.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, GA., Son, HJ., Kim, CW. et al. Nitrosamine occurrence at Korean surface water using an analytical method based on GC/LRMS. Environ Monit Assess 185, 1657–1669 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2658-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2658-1