Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse blood plasma biochemical parameters in patients with pain of vascular origin. Blood samples were taken from 62 patients (38–86 years of age) with critical limb ischaemia, claudication or lower limb embolism, and from a control group. The samples were taken at the time of hospital admission, 1 h after surgery, 24 h after surgery, and before discharge. Pain intensity was assessed as mild, moderate or intense. The following biochemical parameters were measured: C reactive protein, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidative capacity. In the control subjects, MDA increased postoperatively, whereas albumin, total protein, HDL and total cholesterol decreased. In patients with claudication triglycerides and LDL cholesterol also decreased postoperatively. In patients with critical limb ischaemia, reduced glutathione and antioxidative capacity decreased postoperatively and MDA increased. Except in patients with embolism, MDA and C reactive protein increased following surgery. Patients with critical limb ischaemia and embolism reported the worst preoperative pain. In patients with ischaemia, intense pain persisted during the whole postoperative period while in patients with embolism pain continuously decreased. At different time intervals, pain intensity was related to different biochemical markers. We suggest that the described blood plasma changes might play an important role in pain assessment and pain management.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Pekárková I, Parara S, Holeček V et al (2001) Does exogenous melatonin influence the metabolism of free radicals and pain sensation in the rat? Physiol Res 50:595–602
Rokyta R, Holeček V, Pekárková I et al (2003) Free radicals after painful stimulation are influenced by antioxidants and analgesics. Neuroendocrinol Lett 24:348–353
Rokyta R, Stopka P, Holeček V et al (2004) Direct measurement of free radicals in the brain cortex and the blood serum after nociceptive stimulation in rats. Neuroendocrinol Lett 25:252–256
Křikava K, Kalla K, Yamamotová A, Rokyta R (2004) Blood serum changes in patients with pain during bone fractures and acute pancreatitis. Neuroendocrinol Lett 25:62–69
Křikava K, Kalla K, Yamamotová A, Rokyta R (2004) Pain as a causal factor of biochemical changes in the blood plasma in patients with gallbladder diseases (in Czech). Bolest 7:27–30
Kozák J, Vondráčková D, Yamamotová A et al (2004) Possible use of antioxidative enzymes and free radical metabolites in the diagnostics of pain intensity (in Czech). Čes a slov Neurol Neurochir 67(100):241–245
Gulcin I, Beydemir S, Alici A et al (2004) In vitro antioxidant properties of morphine. Pharmacol Res 49:59–66
Racek J, Třeška V, Křižan V et al (1995) The significance of free radicals in operations of acute ischaemia of the limbs (in Czech). Klin Biochem Metab 24:103–135
Rabl H, Khoschsorur G, Colombo T et al (1992) Human plasma lipid peroxide levels show a strong transient increase after successful revascularization operations. Free Radic Biol Med 13:218–288
Diamantopoulos EJ, Charitos D, Georgopoulos V et al (2000) Oxygen free radicals and the effect of a free radical scavenger in patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg 34:167–174
Wijnen MHWA, Coolen SAJ, Vader HL et al (2001) Antioxidants reduce oxidative stress in claudicants. J Surg Res 96:183–187
Altindag O, Celik H (2006) Total antioxidative capacity and the severity of pain in patients with fibromyalgia. Redox Rep 11:131–135
Ozgocmen S, Ozyurt H, Sogut S et al (2006) Antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in fibromyalgia: etiologic and therapeutic concerns. Rheumatol Int 26:598–603
Walker PM, Romaschin AD, Davis S, Piovesan J (1999) Lower limb ischemia: phase 1 results of salvage perfusion. J Surg Res 84:193–198
Spark JI, Robinson JM, Gallavin L et al (2002) Patients with chronic critical limb ischaemia have reduced total antioxidative capacity and impaired nutritional status. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 24:535–539
Birke G, Carlson LA, Liljedahl SO (1965) Lipid metabolism and trauma. Acta Med Scand 178:337–350
Kamolz L-P, Andel H, Mittlböck M et al (2003) Serum cholesterol and triglycerides: potential role in mortality prediction. Burns 29:810–815
Ercan M, Koksal C, Konukoglu D et al (2003) Impaired plasma viscosity via increased cholesterol levels in peripheral occlusive disease. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 29:3–9
Balkan J, Dogru-Abbasoglu S, Aykac-Toker G, Uysal M (2004) Serum pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy subjects with different cholesterol levels. Clin Exp Med 3:237–242
Stoller DK, Grorud CB, Michalek V, Buchwald H (1993) Reduction of atherosclerosis with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Surg Res 54:7–11
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a Research Goal grant from the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic (grant no. 0021620816).
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no commercial or financial interest in the publication of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rokyta, R., Yamamotová, A., Šulc, R. et al. Assessment of biochemical markers in patients with pain of vascular origin. Clin Exp Med 8, 199–206 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-008-0001-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-008-0001-5