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Amino acid sensing in the gastrointestinal tract

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Abstract

Rapid progress in gastroenterology during the first part of the last century has shown that gastrointestinal (GI) function is regulated by neuroendocrine, paracrine and endocrine signals. However, recent advances in chemical sensing, especially in the last decade, have revealed that free l-amino acids (AA), among other nutrients, play a critical role in modifying exocrine and endocrine secretion, modulating protein digestion, metabolism and nutrient utilization, and supporting the integrity and defense of the GI mucosa. Many of the mechanisms by which AAs elicit these functions in the GI has been linked to the traditional concept of hormone release and nervous system activation. But most these effects are not direct. AAs appear to function by binding to a chemical communication system such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that activate signaling pathways. These intracellular signals, although their molecular bases are not completely elucidated yet, are the ones responsible for the neuronal activity and release of hormones that in turn regulate GI functions. This review aims to describe the distribution of the known GPCRs from the class 3 superfamily that bind to different kinds of AA, especially from the oropharyngeal cavity to the stomach, what kind of taste qualities they elicit, such as umami, bitter or sweet, and their activity in the GI tract.

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Abbreviations

AA:

Amino acids

CaSR:

Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor

ECL:

Enterochromaffin-like cells

GI:

Gastrointestinal

GPCRs:

G protein-coupled receptors

HEK:

Human embryonic kidney (cells)

mGluR1:

Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1

mGluR4:

Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 4

NO:

Nitric oxide

5-HT:

Serotonin

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Dr. Eiji Nakamura for his critical comments and discussions during the preparation of this manuscript.

Conflict of interest

Both authors are employees of Ajinomoto Co., Inc.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scientific Affairs, Communications Department, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan

    Ana San Gabriel

  2. Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan

    Hisayuki Uneyama

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  1. Ana San Gabriel
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  2. Hisayuki Uneyama
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Correspondence to Ana San Gabriel.

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San Gabriel, A., Uneyama, H. Amino acid sensing in the gastrointestinal tract. Amino Acids 45, 451–461 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-012-1371-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-012-1371-2

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