Abstract
Chigger mites are a large group of arthropods and the larvae of mites are ectoparasites. Some species of ectoparasitic mites (larvae) can be the transmitting vectors of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus). Yunnan Province is located in the southwest of China with complicated topographic landform and high biodiversity, where there are five zoogeographical subregions. Rodents and some other small mammals were trapped and examined for ectoparasitic chigger mites in 29 investigation sites in Yunnan during 2001–2013. From 13,760 individuals and 76 species of small mammal hosts, we collected 274 species of mites, which were identified as comprising 26 genera in two families. The species diversity of chigger mites (274 species) in the present study were not only much higher than that from other provinces of China but also largely exceeded that recorded from other regions and countries in the world. Of the five zoogeographical subregions, both the species diversity and Shannon-Weiner’s diversity of mites were the highest in subregion II (southern subregion of Hengduan Mountains) with middle altitudes and middle latitude. Both the species diversity of mites and Shannon–Wiener diversity index showed a parabolic tendency from the low altitude (<500 m) to the high altitude (>3500 m) along the vertical gradients with the peak occurring in the middle-altitude regions (2000–2500 m). Of four dominant hosts, the species richness of mites was highest on Eothenomys miletus (S = 165) and Shannon–Wiener diversity index was highest on Rattus norvegicus (H = 3.13). Along latitude gradients, species richness of chigger mites increased first and then decreased, peaking at 25° to 26° N with 193 mite species. The geographical location, complex topography, and landscape with diverse small mammal hosts in Yunnan Province have contributed to the extremely high species diversity of mites in the province. The large sampling size of small mammal hosts in a wide geographical scope within a long time span also made it possible to have collected so many species of chigger mites.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bai XL, Yan LM, Ma Y, Wu XL (2009) Catalogue of chigger mites in Ningxia Hui autonomous region. Endemic Dis Bull 24(2):11–12 (in Chinese)
Bengtson SA, Brinck-Lindroth G, Lundqvist L, Nilsson A, Rundgren S (1986) Ectoparasites on small mammals in Iceland: origin and population characteristics of a species-poor insular community. Holarct Ecol 9(2):143–148
Bush AO, Lafferty KD, Lotz JM, Shostak AW (1997) Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. J Parasitol 83(4):575–583
Cardillo M (2002) Body size and latitudinal gradients in regional diversity of New World birds. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 11(1):59–65
Changbunjong T, Jirapattharasate C, Buddhirongawatr R, Chewajon K, Charoenyongyoo P, Suwanapakdee S, Triwitayakorn K, Chaichoun K, Ratanakorn P (2010) Ectoparasitic fauna of birds, and volant and non-volant small mammals captured at Srinakarin Dam, Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 41(3):526–535
Claridge MF, Dawah HA, Wilson MR (1997) Species: the units of biodiversity. Syst Assoc 54:425
Clarke A (1992) Is there a latitudinal diversity cline in the sea? Trends Ecol Evol 7(9):286–287
Coates M (1998) A comparison of intertidal assemblages on exposed and sheltered tropical and temperate rocky shores. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 7(2):115–124
Colwell RK, Lees DC (2000) The mid-domain effect: geometric constraints on the geography of species richness. Trends Ecol Evol 15(2):70–76
Daniel M, Stekolnikov AA (2009) Chigger mites (Acari: Trombiculidae) from Makalu region in Nepal Himalaya, with a description of three new species. J Med Entomol 46(4):753–765
Daniel M, Stekolnikov AA, Hakimitabar M, Saboori A (2010) Chigger mites (Acari, Trombiculidae) parasitizing small mammals in the Eastern Hindu Kush and some other Afghan areas. Parasitol Res 107(5):1221–1233
Durden LA, Ellis BA, Banks CW, Crowe JD, Oliver JH Jr (2004) Ectoparasites of grey squirrels in two different habitats and screening of selected ectoparasites for Bartonellae. J Parasitol 90(3):485–489
Feng XG, Chen YM, Yuan QH, Zi DY, Lei YM (2000) The investigation of scrub typhus in Dali, Yunnan province. Chinese J Zoonoses 16(3):93–95 (in Chinese)
Feng XG, Chen YM, Zi DY, Yuan QH, Lei YM, Duan XD, Mi ZQ, Zhang HL (2001) A survey and research of scrub typhus in Jinshajiang riverbasin of northern part of Yunnan. Chinese J Vector Biol Control 12(2):120–121 (in Chinese)
Frye FL (1991) Biomedical and surgical aspects of captive reptile husbandry. Krieger Publishing Company, Florida
Geng ML, Guo XG (2014) Advances in the study of Leptotrombidium deliense in China. J Pathogen Biol 9(8):763–765 (in Chinese)
Gong ZD, Wu HY, Duan XD, Feng XG, Zhang YZ, Liu Q (2005) Species richness and vertical distribution pattern of flea fauna in Hengduan Mountain of western Yunnan, China. Biodivers Sci 13(4):279–289 (in Chinese)
Gong ZD, Zhang LY, Duan XD, Feng XG, Ge JQ, Li DM, Liu QY (2007) Species richness and fauna of fleas along a latitudinal gradient in the three parallel rivers landscape, China. Biodivers Sci 15(1):61–69 (in Chinese)
Green J (1994) The temperate–tropical gradient of planktonic protozoa and rotifera. Hydrobiologia 272:13–26
Guo TY, Xu RM (2002) Catalogue of ectoparasites on some rodents (Muridae) in Dongling mountain of Beijing. Chinese J Vector Biol Control 13(5):375–376 (in Chinese)
Guo H, Wu G, Xu M (1994) Studies on natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease of the autumn–winter type in Jiangsu. Chin J Epidemiol 15: 27–30 (In Chinese)
Guo XG, Speakman JR, Dong WG, Men XY, Qian TJ, Wu D, Qin F, Song WY (2013) Ectoparasitic insects and mites on Yunnan red-backed voles (Eothenomys miletus) from a localized area in southwest China. Parasitol Res 112(10):3543–3549
Hou SX, Guo XG, Meng XY, Qian TJ, Wu D, Shi WX (2006) Study on the fauna and vertical distribution of chiggers in Yunnan province. Acta Zootaxon Sin 31(4):746–751 (in Chinese)
Houck MA, Qin H, Roberts HR (2001) Hantavirus transmission: potential role of ectoparasites. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1(1):75–79
Huang J (2000) Characteristics of plant biodiversity in North-western Yunnan. Yunnan Forestry Sci Technol 29(4):41–45 (in Chinese)
Huang WJ, Chen YX, Wen YX (1995) Rodents of China. Fudan University Press, Shanghai (in Chinese)
Huang LQ, Guo XG, Speakman JR, Dong WG (2013) Analysis of gamasid mite (Acai: Mesostigmata) associated with the Asian house rat, Rattus tanezumi (Rodentia: Muridae) in Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Parasitol Res 112(5):1967–1972
Iwasa M, Kasuya S, Noda N, Hioki A, Ito A, Ohtomo H (1990) Trombiculid mites (Acari: Trombiculidae) and Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from wild rodents in a new endemic area of Japan. J Med Entomol 27(4):501–508
Kaufman DM (1995) Diversity of New World mammals: universality of the latitudinal gradients of species and bauplans. J Mammal 76(2):322–334
Kratochwil A (1999) Biodiversity in ecosystems: some principles. In: Kratochwil A (ed) Biodiversity in ecosystems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp 5–38
Lee IY, Kim HC, Lee YS, Seo JH, Lim JW, Yong TS, Klein TA, Lee WJ (2009) Geographical distribution and relative abundance of vectors of scrub typhus in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 47(4):381–386
Li J, Li XY, Liu YX (2005) Epidemiology of scrub typhus and its transmitting vector research progress in China. Pract Prevent Med 12(5):1251–1253 (In Chinese)
Li JC, Wang DQ, Chen XB (1997) Trombiculid mites of China. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guangzhou (in Chinese)
Li W, Wang XW, Wang CM, He HX (2010) A survey of ectoparasites from wild rodents and Anourosorex squamipes in Sichuan Province, South-west China. J Ecol Nat Environ 2(8):160–166
Li YQ, Zheng SW, Gong GT, Chen JH, Zhu ZF, Wu XX, Mu CL (2011) The research progress of biodiversity. J Sichuan Forestry Sci Technol 32(4):12–19 (in Chinese)
Liu GP, Li DL, Chen CT, Liu XZ (2003) Chigger mites from three provinces of northeast China. Chinese J Vector Biol Control 14(6):444–446 (in Chinese)
Lowenstine LJ, Carpenter JL, Oconnor BM (1979) Trombiculosis in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 175(3):289–291
Luo R (1993) The mammalian fauna of Guizhou. Guizhou science and technology publishing house, Guiyang (in Chinese)
Luo LP, Guo XG, Qian TJ, Wu D, Meng XY, Dong WG (2007a) Distribution of gamasid mites on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China. Insect Sci 14(1):71–78
Luo LP, Guo XG, Qian TJ, Wu D, Meng XY, Dong WG (2007b) Faunistic study on medical gamasid mites of Yunnan. Endemic Dis Bull 22(1):4–7 (in Chinese)
Ma Y, Yang XZ, Li C (1999) Studies on the trombiculid mite fauna of Qinghai province. Endemic Dis Bull 14(2):46–48 (in Chinese)
Magurran AE (1998) Measuring richness and evenness. Trends Ecol Evol 13(4):165–166
Margolis L, Esch GW, Holmes JC, Kuris AM, Schad GA (1982) The use of ecological terms in parasitology (report of an ad hoc committee of the American Society of Parasitologists). J Parasitol 68(1):131–133
Men XY, Guo XG, Dong WG, Niu AQ, Qian TJ, Wu D (2007) Ectoparasites of Chevrier’s field mouse, Apodemus chevrieri, in a focus of plague in southwest China. Med Vet Entomol 21:297–300
Moniuszko H, Makol J (2014) Chigger mites (Actinotrichida: Parasitengona, Trombiculidae) of Poland. An updated distribution and hosts. Ann Parasitol 60(2):103–117
Nadchatram M, Walton DW, Telford SR Jr (1980) Species distribution of trombiculid mites on murine rodents in Rangoon, Burma. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 11(3):352–354
Oguge NO, Durden LA, Keirans JE, Balami HD, Schwan TG (2009) Ectoparasites (sucking lice, fleas and ticks) of small mammals in southeastern Kenya. Med Vet Entomol 23(4):387–392
Oliver JH Jr, Mckeever S, Pound MJ (1986) Parasitism of larval Ixodes ticks by chigger and fed female Ornithodoros Males. J Parasitol 72(5):811–812
Ou GL, Peng MC, Wang CY, Xiang L (2013) Distribution of vegetation landscape in Gongshan county of Yunnan Province, the core area of the three parallel river belt. J Mountain Sci 31(4):464–472 (in Chinese)
Paramasvaran S, Sani RA, Hassan L, Krishnasamy M, Jeffery J, Oothuman P, Salleh I, Lim KH, Sumarni MG, Santhana RL (2009) Ectoparasite fauna of rodents and shrews from four habitats in Kuala Lumpur and the states of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia and its public health significance. Trop Biomed 26(3):303–311
Qian H (1999) Spatial pattern of vascular plant diversity in North America north of Mexico and its floristic relationship with Eurasia. Ann Bot 83(3):271–283
Rapoport EH (1982) Areography: geographical strategies of species. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Ritzi CM, Whitaker JO Jr (2003) Ectoparasites of small mammals from the Newport Chemical Depot, Vermillion County, Indiana. Northeast Nat 10(2):149–158
Roh JY, Song BG, Park WI, Shin EH, Park C, Park MY, Chang KS, Lee WG, Lee HI, Shin EH (2014) Coincidence between geographical distribution of Leptotrombidium scutellare and scrub typhus incidence in South Korea. PLoS One 9(12):e113193
Rohde K (1998) Latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Area matters, but how much? Oikos 82(1):184–190
Simpson EH (1949) Measure of diversity. Nature 163(4148):688
Storm JJ, Ritzi CM (2008) Ectoparasites of small mammals in western Iowa. Northeast Nat 15(2):283–292
Suyemoto W, Scanlon JE, Sicay TC (1954) Ectoparasite fauna of small mammals and birds in the Fuji Maneuver Area, Honshu, Japan. J Parasitol 40(6):632–637
Varma RN (1969) Prevalence of Leptotrombidium deliense, the scrub typhus vector, in the Eastern Himalayas. Nature 222(5197):984–985
Vercammen-Grandjean PH, Benoit PLG, Van-Mol JJ (1970) Terrestrial snail (Granularion sp.) a new host of trombiculid larvae. Acta Trop 27:177
Wang DX, Liao HR (1981) A list of the trombiculid mites of Fujian province. Wuyi Sci J s1:104–110 (in Chinese)
Wang JX, Peng XF, Yang SY (2005) A primary analysis of tourist resources and environment frangibility of three parallel river of Yunnan protected areas. J Yunan Normal Univ 25(2):59–64 (in Chinese)
Wang SS, Huang JL, Su JX, Xi YZ, Wang Y, Li MM (2007) Study on the characteristics of tsutsugamushi disease in the epidemic areas of south islands in China. Chin J Epidemiol 28:996–999 (In Chinese)
Webb GE, Sando WJ, Raymond A (1997) Mississippian coral latitudinal diversity gradients (western interior United States): testing the limits of high resolution diversity data. J Paleontol 71(5):780–791
Wei JJ, Tong GZ, Shi SF (1987) Study on Leptotrombidium gaohuensis sp. Nov. newly discovered vector of tsutsugamushi disease. Chin Med J 100:590–594
Welbourn WC, Loomis RB (1975) Hannemania (Acarina: Trombiculidae) and their anuran hosts at Fortynine Palms Oasis, Joshua Tree National Monument, California. Bull South Calif Acad Sci 74(1):15–19
Wilson N, Durden LA (2003) Ectoparasites of terrestrial vertebrates inhabiting the Georgia Barrier Islands, U.S.A.: an inventory and preliminary biogeographical analysis. J Biogeogr 30(8):1207–1220
Wolthmann A, Preez LD, Rödel MO, Köhler J, Vences M (2007) Endoparasitic mites of the genus Endotrombicula Ewing, 1931 (Acari: Prostigmata: Parasitengona: Trombiculidae) from African and Madagascan anurans, with description of a new species. Folia Parasitol 54(3):225–235
Wright DH (1983) Species–energy theory: an extension of species–area theory. Oikos 41:496–506
Wu GH (2005) Research on the media of scrub typhus in China. Chin J Vector Bio Control 16(6):485–487
Wu GH, Guo HB, Yu MM, Liu Y, Xu MH, Shen JZ, Bao MR (1994) Leptotrombidium (L.) scutellare as the transmitting vector of tsutsugamushi disease of autumn-winter type in Jiangsu province. Chin Med J 74(2):94–96 (in Chinese)
Wu GH, Zhang Y, Guo HB, Jiang KJ, Zhang JJ, Gan YH (1996) The role of Leptotrombidium scutellare in the transmission of human diseases. Chin Med J 109(9):670–673
Wu GH, Jiang ZK, Wang L, Ding LY, Mao CQ, Ma BY (2013) Accordance and identification of vector chigger mites of tsutsugamushi disease in China. Chinese J Hygienic Insecticides Equip 19(4):286–292
Xia M (1999) Research progress of biodiversity. J Northeast Agric Univ 30(1):94–100 (in Chinese)
Xuan Q, Liu AH, Bao FK (2010) Current progress in research of tsutsugamushi disease in Yunnan Province in China. Chin Trop Med 10(10):1278–1280 (in Chinese)
Xue J, Zhou GZ, Liu YX (2004) The faunal study of chigger mites in Shandong Province. Chinese J Vector Biol Control 15(6):452–454 (in Chinese)
Yang JW (2002) Status and solution of biodiversity protection in northwest Yunnan. Forest Resour Manag 3:61–65 (in Chinese)
Yang ZQ, Liu YR (2003) A preliminary list of chigger mites in Hubei Province. Acta Arachnol Sin 12(2):112–116 (in Chinese)
Yang GR, Yu ZZ, Xie BQ (1991) Investigation studies on the biological behaviour of Leptotrombidium deliense in Yunnan Province. Chin J Pest Control 7:7–12 (In Chinese)
Yang YM, Tian K, Hao JM, Pei SJ, Yang YX (2004) Biodiversity and biodiversity conservation in Yunnan, China. Biodivers Conserv 13(4):813–826
Young SS, Wang ZJ (1989) Comparison of secondary and primary forests in the Ailao Shan region of Yunnan, China. For Ecol Manag 28(3–4):281–300
Yu J, Deng XZ, Yang ZQ, Yao PP, Zhu HP, Xiong HR, Li CL, Zhang Y (2010) Study on the transmission of Hantaan virus and Orientia tsutsugamushi by naturally dual infected Leptotrombidium scutellare through stinging. Chinese J Prevent Med 44(4):324–328 (in Chinese)
Yuan QH, Feng XG, Mi ZQ, Zhang HL, Zi DY, Chen YM (1999) The investigation of the epidemic outbreak of scrub typhus in Binchuan county of Yunnan province. Chinese J Zoonoses 15(1):80–81 (in Chinese)
Zhan YZ, Guo XG, Speakman JR, Zuo XH, Wu D, Wang QH, Yang ZH (2013) Abundances and host relationships of chigger mites in Yunnan Province, China. Med Vet Entomol 27:194–202
Zhang Y, Tao KH, Zhao XZ (1994) Experimental studies on transmission of EHF in rodents. Chinese J Prevent Med 28(3):132–137 (in Chinese)
Zhang Y, Li X, Zhu J, Tang J, Li Y, Wu G, Zhang J, Jiang K, Gan Y, Zhou Y, Tian J (1997) Preliminary studies on proliferation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus in Leptotrombidium (L.) scutellare. Chin J Exp Clin Virol 11(3):259–262
Zhao ZM, Guo YQ (1990) Principle and methods of community ecology. Publishing house of Scientific and Technical Documentation (Chongqing Branch), Chongqing, in Chinese
Zhou HZ (2000) Species and species diversity. Chinese Biodivers 8(2):215–226 (in Chinese)
Zhu QR, Guo XG, Huang H, Dong WG, Zhao N (2013) Geographical distribution of chigger mites on Rattus flavipectus in Yunnan province. Chinese J Parasitol Parasitic Dis 31(5):395–399 (in Chinese)
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our sincere thanks to following people who have made contributions in the field investigation and laboratory work: De-cai Ouyang, Shuang-lin Wang, Yun-Ji Zou, Xue-Song He, Peng Hou, Peng-biao Yang, Xue-sen Wu, Biao Yang, Nan Zhao, some colleagues, and college students. The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China to Xian-Guo Guo (Nos. 81160208 and 81260259).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
The sampling of the voles was officially permitted by the local authority of wildlife service in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. The use of animals (voles) for study was also officially approved at the Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University.
Conflict of interest
All the authors have no conflicts of interest.
Appendix
Appendix
A taxonomic name-list of chigger mites collected from 29 investigation sites in Yunnan Province of China from 2001 to 2013 (The figures in the parentheses are the collected individuals for each mite species, and asterisk represents the transmitting vectors of scrub typhus or tsutsugamushi disease)
Family Trombiculidae | |
Subfamily Trombiculinae Ewing, 1929 | |
Genus Leptotrombidium Nagayo et al., 1916 | |
Leptotrombidium scutellare * Nagayo et al., 1921 (17416); L. sinicum Yu et al., 1981 (10,417) | |
L. parapalpale Womersley, 1952 (4617) | L. eothenomydis Yu et Yang, 1986 (4095) |
L. hiemalis Yu et al., 1982 (3915) | L. rusticum Yu, Yang et Gong, 1986 (4291) |
L. shuqui Wen et Xiang, 1984 (3353) | L. wangi Yu et al., 1986 (2389) |
L. hsui Yu et al., 1986 (300) | L. densipunctatum Yu et al., 1982 (4011) |
L. yongshengense Yu et Yang, 1986 (2352) | L. yui * Chen et Hsu, 1955 (1951) |
L. deliense * Walch, 1922 (5770) | L. xiaguanense Yu et Yang, 1981 (950) |
L. rubellum * Wang et Liao, 1984 (675) | L. yuebeinse Zhao, 1982 (5) |
L. imphalum * Vercammen-Grandjean et Langston, 1975 (1157) | L. heiense Wen, 1984 (6) |
L. gongshanense Yu et al., 1981 (770) | L. spicanisetum Yu et al., 1986 (252) |
L. cuonae Wang, Pan et Yan, 1996 (26) | L. kunmingense Wen et Xiang, 1984 (33) |
L. deplanoscutum Yu et Zi, 1981 (82) | L. lianghense Yu et al., 1983 (252) |
L. quadrifurcatum Wen et Xiang, 1984 (23) | L. kaohuense * Yang et al., 1959 (225) |
L. xiaowei Wen et Xiang, 1984 (322) | L. chuanxi Wen, Zhou et Chen, 1984 (4) |
L. sheshui Wen et Xiang, 1984 (84) | L. qujingense Yu et al., 1981 (34) |
L. dianchi Wen et Xiang, 1984 (232) | L. jinmai Wen et Xiang, 1984 (898) |
L. nudisensillum Yu et al., 1981 (112) | L. longimedium Wen et Xiang, 1984 (602) |
L. akamushi * Barumpt, 1910 (182) | L. alpinum Yu et Yang, 1986 (481) |
L. trapezoidum Wang et al., 1981 (67) | L. allosetum Wang et al., 1981 (144) |
L. pallidum * Nagayo et al., 1919 (263) | L. sinotupaium Wen et Xiang, 1984 (321) |
L. robustisetum Yu et al., 1983 (311) | L. bawangense Zhao, 1982 (10) |
L. biluoxueshanense Yu et al., 1982 (72) | L. cangjiangense Yu et al., 1981 (48) |
L. kawamurai Fukuzumi et Obata, 1953 (7) | L. dongluoense Wang et al., 1981 (36) |
L. dichotogalium Xiang et Wen, 1986 (7) | L. fuji Kuwata et al., 1950 (1) |
L. hupeicum Ma et Hsu, 1965 (2) | L. apodemi Wen et Sun, 1984 (27) |
L. kiangsuense Chen, 1975 (1) | L. intermedium Nagayo et al., 1920 (50) |
L. rectanguloscutum Hsu et Chen, 1964 (8) | L. longchuanense Yu et al., 1981 (121) |
L. qiui Yu et al., 1986 (14) | L. filasensillum Wang et Song, 1982 (9) |
L. biji Wen et Xiang, 1984 (1571) | L. apodevrieri Wen et Xiang, 1984 (181) |
L. suense Wen, 1984 (238) | L. yigongense Wu et Wen, 1984 (2) |
L. kitasatoi Fukuzum et Obata, 1956 (68) | L. huangdi Wen et Zhang, 1984 (20) |
L. zhongdianense Yu et Yang, 1981 (149) | L. bishanense Yu et al., 1986 (744) |
L. yunlingense Yu et Zhang, 1981 (736) | L. ejingshanense Yu et al., 1982 (1761) |
L. baoshui Wen et Xiang, 1984 (356) | L. laojunshanense Yu et al., 1986 (323) |
L. caudatum Wen, Zhou et Chen, 1984 (318) | L. xinjiangense Shao et Wen, 1984 (3) |
L. jianshanense Yu et al., 1982 (5) | L. saltuosum Yu et al., 1982 (32) |
L. sexsetum Yu et Hu, 1981 (449) | L. rupestre * Traub et Nadchatram, 1967 (209) |
L. bambicola Wen et Xiang, 1984 (503) | L. miyajimai Fukuzumi and Obata, 1951 (1) |
L. subintermedium Jameson et Toshioka, 1954 (4) | L. liaoji Wen et Sun, 1984 (21) |
L. dihumerale Traub et Nadchatram, 1967 (131) | L. rattistae Wen et al., 1984 (1) |
L. linhuaikongense Wen et Hsu, 1961 (59) | L. myotis Ewing, 1929 (1) |
L. fujianense Liao et Wang, 1983 (234) | L. burnsi Sasa et al., 1953 (3) |
L. insulare * Wei et al., 1989 (11) | L. sixinum Wen et al., 1984 (23) |
L. gemiticulum Traub et al., 1958 (10) | L. yunnanense Yu et al., 1980 (222) |
L. rufocanum Wang et Liu, 1989 (295) | L. linji Wen et Sun, 1984 (38) |
L. huangchuanense Yang, 1994 (17) | L. bayanense Yang, 1994 (70) |
L. submagnum Wang et al., 1988 (5) | L. hengdun Wu et Wen, 1984 (1) |
L. palpale Nagayo et al., 1919 (1) | L. yulini Wen et Xiang, 1984 (1) |
L. lushanense Wang et Song, 1991 (1) | L. shanghaense Wen et Lu, 1984 (10) |
L. xishani Wen et Xiang, 1984 (36) | L. guzhangense Wang et al., 1985 (27) |
L. taishanicum Meng et al., 1983 (27) | L. dahai Wen et Xu, 1984 (2) |
L. muntiaci Wen et Xiang, 1984 (1705) | L. shuyui Wen et al., 1984 (5) |
L. pavlovskyi Schulger, 1948 (1) | L. nyctali Wen et Sun, 1984 (1) |
L. neotebraci Xiang et Wen, 1986 (6) | L. bengbuense Chen et Fan, 1981 (43) |
L. postfoliatum Wang, Liao et Lin, 1981 (21) | |
Genus Trombiculindus Radford, 1948 | |
Trombiculindus alpinus Yu et Yang, 1979 (12) | T. heishuiense Zhou et al., 1986 (2) |
T. qianye Wen, Zhou et Chen, 1984 (5) | T. yunnanus Wang et Yu, 1965 (1551) |
T. cuneatus Traub et Evans, 1951 (58) | T. bambusoides Wang et Yu, 1965 (447) |
T. kuanye Wen et Xiang, 1984 (5) | T. hylomydis Wang et Yu, 1965 (34) |
T. nujiange Wen et Xiang, 1984 (145) | T. chilie Wen et Xiang, 1984 (67) |
T. shaoye Wen, Zhou et Chen, 1984 (2) | T. duoji Wu et Wen, 1984 (1) |
Genus Neotrombicula Hirst, 1925 | |
Neotrombicula wendai Wen et Wu, 1984 (1) | N. longmenis Wen et Xiang, 1984 (16) |
N. deqinensis Yu et Wang, 1981 (262) | N. japonica Tanaka et al., 1930 (123) |
N. tongtianhensis Yang et al., 1995 (70) | N. tamiyai Philip et Fuller, 1950 (1) |
N. aeretes Hsu et Yang, 1985 (214) | N. vulgaris Schluger, 1955 (41) |
N. microtomici Wen et al., 1984 (72) | N. microti Ewing, 1928 (256) |
N. pomeranzori Schluger, 1984 (5) | N. sinica Wang, 1964 (7) |
N. marmotae Wen et al., 1984 (17) | N. gamaensis Yang, 1985 (1) |
Genus Muritrombicula dali Yu, Gong et Tao, 1981 | |
Muritrombicula dali Yu, Gong et Tao, 1981 (3) | |
Genus Chiroptella Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 | |
Chiroptella anhuiensis Chen et al., 1980 (7) | |
Genus Lorillatum Nadchatram, 1963 | |
Lorillatum flagellasensilla Wang et Song, 1992 (39) | L. tungshihensis Hsu et Chen, 1964 (17) |
Genus Microtrombicula Ewing, 1950 | |
Microtrombicula trapezoidiscuta Zhao, 1985 (2) | M. munda Gater, 1932 (309) |
M. nadchatrami Vercammen-Grandjean, 1965 (4) | |
Genus Eutrombicula Ewing, 1938 | |
Eutrombicula hirsti Sambon, 1927 (49) | E. wichmanni Oudemans, 1905 (27) |
Genus Helenicula Audy, 1954 | |
Helenicula kohlsi Philip et Woodward, 1946 (50) | H. abaensis Wang, Zhai et Chen, 1984 (10) |
H. comata Womersley, 1952 (1) | H. myospalacis Huang, 1986 (8) |
H. miyagawai Sasa kumada et Miura, 1951 (81) | H. aulacochaeta Sun, Wang et Wang, 1986 (1) |
H. rattihaikonga Hsu et Chen, 1957 (3) | H. globularis Walch, 1927 (56) |
H. yunnanensis Wen et Xiang, 1984 (62) | H. edibakeri Nadchatram et Traub, 1971 (8) |
H. saihsuensis Hsu et Chen, 1964 (10) | H. olsufjevi Schulger, 1955 (5) |
H. litchia Liu, Hsu, Wen et al., 1965 (3) | H. simena Hsu et Chen, 1957 (5566) |
H. hsui Zhao, 1990 (1362) | |
Genus Doloisia Oudemans, 1910 | |
Doloisia sinensis Liang et Huang, 1959 (1) | D. brachypus Audy et Nadchatram, 1957 (35) |
D. moica Chen et Hsu, 1965 (31) | D. manipurensis Radford, 1946 (9) |
D. hexasternosetosa Chen et Hsu, 1965 (1) | D. taishanensis Teng, 1982 (2) |
D. furcipelta Yu et al., 1983 (4) | D. jaotuana Chen et Hsu, 1965 (1) |
Genus Paradoloisia Chen et Hsu, 1965 | |
Paradoloisia gigantica Chen et Hsu, 1965 (1) | |
Genus Cheladonta Lipovesky et al., 1955 | |
Cheladonta micheneri Wen et Xiang, 1984 (9) | |
Genus Ascoschoengastia Ewing, 1945 | |
Ascoschoengastia crassiclava Wen et Yao, 1984 (1) | A. sifanga Wen et al., 1984 (6) |
A. latyshevi Schluger, 1955 (3) | A. rattinorvegici Wen, 1984 (128) |
A. paishaensis Chen et al., 1958 (1) | A. indica * Hirst, 1915 (1944) |
A. yunwui Yu et al., 1984 (138) | A. petaruistae Yu et al., 1984 (27) |
A. yunnanensis Yu et al., 1980 (158) | A. leechi Domrow, 1962 (467) |
A. audyi Womersley, 1952 (8) | A. montana Yu et al., 1980 (1) |
A. lorius Guther, 1939 (1) | A. menghaiensis Yu et al., 1986 (27) |
Genus Walchiella Fuller, 1952 | |
Walchiella xizangensis Wu et Wen, 1984 (4) | W. notiala Yu et al., 1981 (70) |
W. yingjiangensis Wen et al., 1984 (5) | |
Genus Mackiena Traub et Evans, 1950 | |
Mackiena todai Kamo, 1953 (1) | |
Genus Herpetacarus Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 | |
Herpetacarus longdongensis Mo et al., 1990 (1) | H. bisetus Yu et Duan, 1980 (3) |
H.aristoclavus Yu et al., 1979 (28) | H. limon Wen et Xiang, 1984 (14) |
H. tengchongensis Yu et al., 1980 (17) | H. spinosetosus Wang et al., 1980 (43) |
H. tenuiclavus Yu et al., 1979 (505) | H. tupaiae Yu et al., 1983 (29) |
H. sunci Wen et Xiang, 1984 (12) | H. fukienensis Chen et al., 1958 (8) |
H. callosciuri Wen et Xiang, 1984 (16) | H. hastoclavus Yu et al., 1979 (4061) |
Genus Schoengastia Oudemans, 1810 | |
Schoengastia cantonensis Liang et al., 1957 (1) | |
Genus Huabangsha Wen et al., 1980 | |
Huabangsha megachela Wen et al., 1980 (75) | |
Genus Euschoengastia Ewing, 1938 | |
Euschoengastia alpine Sasa et Jameson, 1954 (4) | E. weifangensis Teng et Zhang, 1989 (1) |
Subfamily Gahrliepiinae Womersley, 1952 | |
Genus Walchia Ewing, 1931 | |
Walchia pacifica Chen et Hsu, 1955 (125) | W. parapacifica Chen et al., 1955 (66) |
W. micropelta Traub et Evans, 1957 (2558) | W. chinensis * Chen et Hsu, 1955 (451) |
W. koi Chen et Hsu, 1957 (1470) | W. minuscuta Chen, 1978 (76) |
W. turmalis Gater, 1932 (214) | W. nanfangis Wen et Xiang, 1984 (9) |
W. enode Gater, 1932 (156) | W. zangnanica Wu et Wen, 1984 (102) |
W. Chuanica Wen et Song, 1984 (77) | W. acutascuta Chen, 1980 (3) |
W. globosensilla Chen, 1980 (1) | W. sheensis Wen, 1984 (5) |
W. erana Traub et Evans, 1957 (1) | W. neosinensis Hsu et Wen, 1956 (1) |
W. kritochaeta Traub et Evans, 1957 (7) | W. acugastia Wen et al., 1984 (4) |
W. xishaensis Zhao et al., 1986 (34) | W. latiscuta Wang et al., 1987 (3) |
W. tianguangshanensis Zhao et al., 1980 (1) | W. cordiopelta Wen et Xiang, 1984 (2) |
W. rustica Gater, 1932 (7) | W. ewingi Fuller, 1949 (4473) |
W. shui Wen et Song, 1984 (85) | |
Genus Schoengastiella Hirst, 1915 | |
Schoengastiella ligula Radford, 1946 (451) | S. punctata Radford, 1946 (6) |
S. himalayana Wu et Wen, 1984 (2) | |
Genus Gahrliepia Oudemans, 1912 | |
Gahrliepia puningensis Mo et al., 1959 (1) | G. flavipecti Wen et Xiang, 1984 (1) |
G. meridionalis Yu et al., 1980 (15) | G. zhongwoi Wen et Xiang, 1984 (53) |
G. longipedalis Yu et Yang, 1986 (1378) | G. silvatica Yu et Yang, 1982 (68) |
G. banyei Wen et Xiang, 1984 (25) | G. radiopunctata Hsu et al., 1965 (424) |
G. octosetosa Chen et al., 1956 (11) | G. latiscutata Chen et Fan, 1981 (124) |
G. lengshui Wen et Xiang, 1984 (6) | G. yangchenensis Chen et Hsu, 1957 (59) |
G. deqinensis Yu et Yang, 1982 (288) | G. tenuiclava Yu et al., 1983 (3) |
G. xiaowoi Wen et Xiang, 1984 (15) | G. tenella Traub et Morrow, 1955 (11) |
G. kiangsiensis Hsu et al., 1965 (1) | G. chekiangensis Chu, 1964 (198) |
G. zayuensis Wu et Wen, 1984 (8) | G. yunnanensis Hsu et al., 1965 (743) |
G. agrariusia Hsu et al., 1965 (14) | G. lamella Chen et al., 1980 (32) |
G. miyi Wen et Song, 1984 (3) | G. orientalis Wen et Xiang, 1984 (6) |
G. chungkingensis Jeu et al., 1963 (6) | G. megascuta Hsu et al., 1965 (78) |
G. madun Wen et Xiang, 1984 (15) | G. myriosetosa Wang, 1964 (2) |
G. romeri Wormsley, 1952 (6) | G. linguipelta Jeu et al., 1983 (1034) |
G. fimbriata Traub et Morrow, 1955 (17) | |
Genus Intermedialia Yu et al., 1979 | |
Intermedialia hegu Yu, Yang et Wu, 1979 (80) | I. guangxiensis Zhou et Wen, 1984 (1) |
I. bingbi Wen et Xiang, 1984 (4) | I. yunensis Wen et Xiang, 1984 (1) |
Family Leeuwenhoekiidae Trombiculidae | |
Subfamily Leeuwenhoekiinae Womersley, 1944 | |
Genus Odontacarus Ewing, 1929 | |
Odontacarus tetrasetosus Yu et Yang, 1986 (12) | |
Genus Chatia Brennan, 1946 | |
Chatia huanglungensis Chang et Wen, 1965 (5) | C. hertigi Traub et al., 1958 (7) |
C. acrichela Wen et al., 1984 (10) | C. wisesemani Traub et Nadchatram, 1966 (8) |
C. maoyi Wen et Xiang, 1984 (283) | C. alpine Shao et Wen, 1984 (32) |
Genus Shunsennia Jameson et Toshioka, 1953 | |
Shunsennia scabrisetosa Huang, 1986 (12) | |
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Peng, PY., Guo, XG., Ren, TG. et al. Species diversity of ectoparasitic chigger mites (Acari: Prostigmata) on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China. Parasitol Res 115, 3605–3618 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5127-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5127-x