Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Study of specific IgG subclass antibodies for diagnosis of Gnathostoma spinigerum

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Parasitology Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gnathostoma spinigerum infection is endemic in Thailand and many Asian countries. Current diagnosis is the skin test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG antibody against the G. spinigerum third-stage larvae (L3), but cross-reactivity is common. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of anti-G. spinigerum L3 IgG subclass antibodies for diagnosis of 43 patients with gnathostomiasis. The majority of patients with gnathostomiasis (91%) had eosinophilia. While the anti-G. spinigerum L3 IgG1 antibody provided the highest sensitivity (98%), the anti-G. spinigerum L3 IgG2 antibody had the highest specificity (88%). The ELISA that detected anti-G. spinigerum L3 IgG1 antibody could be a reliable laboratory screening test, while anti-G. spinigerum L3 IgG2 antibody could be used to confirm the diagnosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aalberse RC, van der Gaag R, van Leeuwen J (1983) Serologic aspects of IgG4 antibodies. I. Prolonged immunization results in an IgG4-restricted response. J Immunol 130:722–726

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anantaphruti M (1989) ELISA for diagnosis of gnathostomiasis using antigens from Gnathostoma doloresi and G. spinigerum. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 20:297–304

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boongird P, Phuapradit P, Siridej N, Chirachariyavej T, Chuahirun S, Vejjajiva A (1977) Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. J Neurol Sci 31:279–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boot JH, Geerts ME, Aarden LA (1989) Functional polymorphisms of Fc receptors in human monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity towards erythrocytes induced by murine isotype switch variants. J Immunol 142:1217–1223

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chanthachume N, Kulkhumthorn M, Jongwutiwes S (1988) Evaluation of skin test for human gnathostomiasis. Chula Med J 32:243–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee BP, Santra A, Karmakar PR, Mazumder DN (1996) Evaluation of IgG4 response in ascariasis by ELISA for serodiagnosis. Trop Med Int Health 1:633–639

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chhuon H, Sangkim K, Voeunthal Y (1976) Mobile edema of the face and neck followed by intraocular localization of Gnathostoma spinigerum. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 69:347–351

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chitanondh H, Rosen L (1967) Fatal eosinophilic encephalomyelitis caused by the nematode Gnathostoma spinigerum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 16:638–645

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daengsvang S (1980) A monograph on the genus Gnathostoma and gnathostomiasis in Thailand. Southeast Asian Medical Information Center, Tokyo

  • Daengsvang S (1981) Gnathostomiasis in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 12:319–332

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daengsvang S (1986) Gnathostoma spinigerum and human gnathostomiasis. In: Sucharit S, Areekul S, Sucharit P, Vanijanonta S, Kitikoon V, Chanpachum Y (eds) The 25th anniversary of the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University. Krung Siam, Bangkok, pp 124–147

  • Davidson RA (1985) Immunology of parasitic infections. Med Clin North Am 69:751–758.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dekumyoy P, Komalamisra C, Nuamtanong S, Nacapunchai D, Sinnawong M, Shanaha P, Piyasatittam P (2000) Angiostrongyliasis: analysis of antigens of Angiostrongylus costaricensis adult worms versus IgG from infected patients with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31 [Suppl 1]:48–53

  • Dharmkrong-at A, Migasena S, Suntharasamai P, Bunnag D, Priwan R, Sirisinha S (1986) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to Gnathostoma antigen in patients with intermittent cutaneous migratory swelling. J Clin Microbiol 23:847–851

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geiger SM, Laitano AC, Sievers-Tostes C, Agostini AA, Schulz-Key H, Graeff-Teixeira C (2001) Detection of the acute phase of abdominal angiostrongyliasis with a parasite-specific IgG enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96:515–518

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm F, Maly FE, Lu J, Llano R (1998) Analysis of specific immunoglobulin G subclass antibodies for serological diagnosis of echinococcosis by a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5:613–616

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grieve RB (1990) Immunologic relevance of the cuticle and epicuticle of larval Dirofilaria immitis and Toxocara canis. Acta Trop 47:399–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaroonvesama N, Charoenlap K, Buranasin P, Zaraspe GG, Cross JH (1985) ELISA testing in cases of clinical angiostrongyliasis in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 16:110–112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khairul A, Farhat A, Dwijadas B, Netai P, Subhasis KG, Rama PG, Pratap NG, Shiben KS, Nahid A (1999) Immunoglobulin subclass distribution and diagnostic value of Leishmania donovani antigen-specific immunoglobulin G3 in Indian Kala-Azar patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6:231–235

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraivichian P, Kulkumthorn M, Yingyourd P, Akarabovorn P, Paireepai CC (1992) Albendazole for the treatment of human gnathostomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86:418–421

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis E, Hunter SJ, Tetley L, Nunes CP, Bazzicalupo P, Devaney E (1999) Cut-1-like genes are present in the filarial nematodes, Brugia pahangi and Brugia malayi, and, as in other nematodes, code for components of the cuticle. Mol Biochem Parasitol 101:173–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement by the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maleewong W, Morakote N, Thamasonthi W, Charuchinda K, Tesana S, Khamboonruang C (1988) Serodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 19:201–205

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Migasena S, Pitisuttithum P, Desakorn V (1991) Gnathostoma larva migrans among guests of a New Year party. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 22:225–227

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki I (1960) On the genus Gnathostoma and human gnathostomiasis, with special reference to Japan. Exp Parasitol 9:338–370

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moorhouse DE, Bhaibulaya M, Jones HI (1970) Suspected human gnathostomiasis in Queensland. Med J Aust 1:250

    Google Scholar 

  • Nopparatana C, Setasuban P, Chaicumpa W, Tapchaisri P (1991) Purification of Gnathostoma spinigerum specific antigen and immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Int J Parasitol 21:677–687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nuchprayoon S, Yentakam S, Sangprakarn S, Junpee A (2001) Endemic bancroftian filariasis in Thailand: detection by Og4C3 antigen capture ELISA and the polymerase chain reaction. J Med Assoc Thai 84:1300–1307

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nuchprayoon S, Siriyasatien P, Kraivichian K, Porksakorn C, Nuchprayoon I (2002) Prevalence of parasitic infections among Thai patients at the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 85 [Suppl 1]:S415–423

  • Ogata K, Nawa Y, Akahane H, Diaz Camacho SP, Lamothe-Argumedo R, Cruz-Reyes A (1998) Short report, gnathostomiasis in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58:316–318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ollague W, Ollague J, Guevara de Veliz A, Penaherrea S (1984) Human gnathostomiasis in Ecuador (nodular migratory eosinophilic panniculitis). First finding of the parasite in South America. Int J Dermatol 23:647–651

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pirompakdi Y (1984) Clinical manifestations of Gnathostoma spinigerum infection. Report of 236 cases. Rama Med J 7:207–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Punyagupta S, Juttijudata P (1968) Two fatal cases of eosinophilic myeloencephalitis a newly recognized disease caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 62:801–809

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmah N, Anuar AK, Karim R, Mehdi R, Sinniah B, Omar AW (1994) Potential use of IgG2-ELISA in the diagnosis of chronic elephantiasis and IgG4-ELISA in the follow-up of microfilaraemic patients infected with Brugia malayi. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 205:202–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas-Molina N, Sanchez SP, Bibiano BT, Martinez HM, Gutierrez AE (1999) Gnathostomiasis, and emerging foodborne zoonotic disease in Acapulco, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 5:264–266

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rojekittikhun W, Pubampen S, Hiranyachattada P, Chiamratana B, Setasuban P (1989) A survey on the infective larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum in fresh water fish sold in the local markets of Bangkok. J Trop Med Parasitol 2:7–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusnak JM, Lucey DR (1993) Clinical gnathostomiasis: case report and review of the English-language literature. Clin Infect Dis 16:33–50

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakolvaree Y, Ybanez L, Chaicumpa W (1997) Parasites elicited cross-reacting antibodies to Opisthorchis viverrini. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 15:115–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saksirisampant W, Chawengkiattikul R, Kraivichian K, Nuchprayoon S (2001) Specific IgE antibody responses to somatic and excretory-secretory antigens of third stage G. spinigerum larvae in human gnathostomiasis. J Med Assoc Thai 84 [Suppl 1]:173–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Saksirisampant W, Kulkaew K, Nuchprayoon S, Yentakham S, Wiwanitkit V (2002) A survey of the infection larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum in swamp eels bought in a local market in Bangkok, Thailand. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96:191–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmutzhard E, Boongird P, Vejjajiva A (1988) Eosinophilic meningitis and radiculomyelitis in Thailand, caused by CNS invasion of Gnathostoma spinigerum and Angiostrongylus cantonensis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51:80–87

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soesatyo MH, Rattanasiriwilai W, Suntharasamai P, Sirisinha S (1987) IgE responses in human gnathostomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81:799–801

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stites DP, Stobo JD, Fudenberg HH, Wells JV (1982) Basic and clinical immunology, 4th edn. Lauge Medical, Maruzen, Asia

  • Suntharasamai P, Desakorn V, Migasena S, Bunnag D, Harinasuta T (1985) ELISA for immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 16:274–279

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taamasri P, Leelayoova S, Rangsin R, Naaglor T, Ketupanya A, Mungthin M (2002) Prevalence of Blastocystis hominis carriage in Thai army personnel based in Chonburi, Thailand. Mil Med 167:643–646

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tapchaisri P, Nopparatana C, Chaicumpa W, Setasuban P (1991) Specific antigen of Gnathostoma spinigerum for immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Int J Parasitol 21:315–319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triteeraprapab S, Nuchprayoon I (1998) Eosinophilia, anemia, and parasitism in a rural region of Northwest Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 29:584–590

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triteeraprapab S, Thumpanyawat B, Sangprakarn S (1998) Wuchereria bancrofti-specific circulating antigen for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Chula Med J 42:267–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Triteeraprapab S, Karnjanopas K, Suwannadabba S, Sangprakarn S, Poovorawan Y, Scott AL (2000) Transmission of the nocturnal periodic strain of Wuchereria bancrofti by Culex quinquefasciatus: establishing the potential for urban filariasis in Thailand. Epidemiol Infect 125:207–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triteeraprapab S, Karnjanopas K, Porksakorn C, Sai-Ngam A, Yentakam S, Loymak S (2001a) Lymphatic filariasis caused by Brugia malayi in an endemic area of Narathiwat Province, Southern of Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 84 [Suppl 1]:S182–188

  • Triteeraprapab S, Nuchprayoon I, Porksakorn C, Poovorawan Y, Scott AL (2001b) High prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection among Myanmar migrants in Thailand. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95:535–538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuntipopipat S, Chawengkiattikul R, Witoonpanich R, Chiemchanya S, Sirisinha S (1989) Antigens, antibodies and immune complexes in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebral gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 20:439–446

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vejjajiva A (1978) Parasitic diseases of the nervous system in Thailand. Clin Exp Neurol 15:92–97

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waikagul J, Krudsood S, Radomyos P, Radomyos B, Chalemrut K, Jonsuksuntigul P, Kojima S, Looareesuwan S, Thaineau W (2002) A cross-sectional study of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Nan Province, Northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33:218–223

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilairatana P, Radomyos P, Radomyos B, Phraevanich R, Plooksawasdi W, Chanthavanich P, Viravan C, Looareesuwan S (1996) Intestinal sarcocystosis in Thai laborers. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 27:43–46

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zakroff SG, Beck L, Platzer EG, Spiegelberg HL (1989) The IgE and IgG subclass responses of mice to four helminth parasites. Cell Immunol 119:193–201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Ratchadapisek-sompotch Fund, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. We would like to thank Ms. Narak Triteeraprapab for data analysis. We are thankful to all staff at the Hematology unit, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, for their technical help.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand

    Surang Nuchprayoon, Kanyarat Kraivichian & Wilai Saksirisampant

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok , Thailand

    Issarang Nuchprayoon

  3. Chula Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok , Thailand

    Surang Nuchprayoon & Issarang Nuchprayoon

  4. Medical Microbiology Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok , Thailand

    Vivornpun Sanprasert & Montamas Suntravat

Authors
  1. Surang Nuchprayoon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vivornpun Sanprasert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Montamas Suntravat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kanyarat Kraivichian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Wilai Saksirisampant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Issarang Nuchprayoon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Surang Nuchprayoon.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nuchprayoon, S., Sanprasert, V., Suntravat, M. et al. Study of specific IgG subclass antibodies for diagnosis of Gnathostoma spinigerum . Parasitol Res 91, 137–143 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-003-0947-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-003-0947-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation