Abstract
Bakanae disease is a destructive rice disease in South Korea caused by Fusarium fujikuroi infection. Chemical fungicides have been used to manage the disease, but the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains has gradually increased. Two chelating agents, chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and ethylenediaminetetraacetatic acid (EDTA), are well known as biosafe and biocompatible antimicrobial agents. In this study, we compared the actions of COS and EDTA to gain a better understanding of the underlying antimicrobial activities and to evaluate them as eco-friendly fungicides against F. fujikuroi. While COS exhibited a rapid fungicidal effect on hyphal growing cells within 5 min, EDTA had a fungistatic effect on reversible growth inhibition. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that COS treatment resulted in pore-formation and cellular leakage along the growing hyphae, whereas EDTA caused no significant morphological changes. COS activity was greatly suppressed by the addition of Ca2+ to the medium, and EDTA action was largely suppressed by Mn2+ and slightly by Ca2+, respectively. Taken together, these results indicated that two chelating agents, COS and EDTA, have different modes of antimicrobial action on F. fujikuroi. Thus, the combination of chelating agents having different modes of action might be an effective disease management strategy to prevent or delay the development of fungicide-resistant strains.
References
Muzzarelli RAA (1977) Chitin. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Allan C, Hadwiger L (1979) The fungicidal effect of chitosan on fungi of varying cell wall composition. Exp Mycol 3:285–287
Kenawy ER, Worley SD, Broughton R (2007) The chemistry and applications of antimicrobial polymers: a state-of-the-art review. Biomacromolecules 8:1359–1384
Kong M, Chen XG, Xing K, Park HJ (2010) Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: a state of the art review. Int J Food Microbiol 144:51–63
Park JK, Chung MJ, Choi HN, Park YI (2011) Effects of the molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation of chitosan oligosaccharides on antitumor activity. Int J Mol Sci 12:266–277
No HK, Park NY, Lee SH, Meyers SP (2002) Antibacterial activity of chitosans and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights. Int J Food Microbiol 74:65–72
Roller S, Covill N (1999) The antifungal properties of chitosan in laboratory media and apple juice. Int J Food Microbiol 47:67–77
Tan H, Ma R, Lin C, Liu Z, Tang T (2013) Quaternized chitosan as an antimicrobial agent: antimicrobial activity, mechanism of action and biomedical applications in orthopedics. Int J Mol Sci 14:1854–1869
Oviedo C, Rodriguez J (2003) EDTA: the chelating agent under environmental scrutiny. Quim Nova 26:901–905
Lambert RJW, Hanlon GW, Denyer SP (2004) The synergistic effect of EDTA/antimicrobial combinations on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Appl Microbiol 96:244–253
El-Sharif AA, Hussain MH (2011) Chitosan-EDTA new combination is a promising candidate for treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. Curr Microbiol 62:739–745
El Hadrami A, Adam LR, El Hadrami I, Daayf F (2010) Chitosan in plant protection. Mar Drugs 8:968–987
Liu H, Tian W, Li B, Wu G, Ibrahim M, Tao Z, Wang Y, Xie G, Li H, Sun G (2012) Antifungal effect and mechanism of chitosan against the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. Biotechnol Lett 34:2291–2298
Guan YJ, Hu J, Wang XJ, Shao CX (2009) Seed priming with chitosan improves maize germination and seedling growth in relation to physiological changes under low temperature stress. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 10:427–433
Hwang IS, Kang WR, Hwang DJ, Bae SC, Yun SH, Ahn IP (2013) Evaluation of bakanae disease progression caused by Fusarium fujikuroi in Oryza sativa L. J Microbiol 51:858–865
Kim SH, Park MR, Kim YC, Lee SW, Choi BR, Lee SW, Kim IS (2010) Degradation of prochloraz by rice bakanae disease pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi with differing sensitivity: a possible explanation for resistance mechanism. J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem 53:433–439
Klittich CJR, Leslie JF (1998) Nitrate reduction mutants in Fusarium moniliforme (Gibberella fujikuroi). Genetics 118:417–423
Koo JC, Lee SY, Chun HJ, Cheong YH, Choi JS, Kawabata S, Miyagi M, Tsunasawa S, Ha KS, Bae DW, Han CD, Lee BL, Cho MJ (1998) Two hevein homologs isolated from the seed of Pharbitis nil L. exhibit potent antifungal activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1382:80–90
Park Y, Kim MH, Park SC, Cheong H, Jang MK (2008) Investigation of the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of LMWS-Chitosan. J Microbiol Biotechnol 18:1729–1734
Brul S, Stratford M, van der Vaart JM, Dielbandhoesing SK, Steels H, Klis FM, Verrips CT (1997) The antifungal action of 1,10-o-phenanthroline and EDTA is mediated through zinc chelation and involves cell wall construction. Food Technol Biotechnol 35:267–274
Levin DE, Fields FO, Kunisawa R, Bishop JM, Thorner J (1990) A candidate protein kinase C gene, PKC1, is required for the S. cerevisiae cell cycle. Cell 62:213–224
Jaime MD, Lopez-Llorca LV, Conesa A, Lee AY, Proctor M, Heisler LE, Gebbia M, Giaever G, Westwood JT, Nislow C (2012) Identification of yeast genes that confer resistance to chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) using chemogenomics. BMC Genom 13:267
Zakrzewska A, Boorsma A, Brul S, Hellingwerf KJ, Klis FM (2005) Transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the plasma membrane-perturbing compound chitosan. Eukaryot Cell 4:703–715
van Leeuwen JS, Vermeulen NP, Vos JC (2011) Involvement of the pleiotropic drug resistance response, protein kinase C signaling, and altered zinc homeostasis in resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to diclofenac. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:5973–5980
Chung YC, Wang HL, Chen YM, Li SL (2003) Effect of abiotic factors on the antibacterial activity of chitosan against waterborne pathogens. Bioresour Technol 88:179–184
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by “research base construction fund support program” funded by Chonbuk National University in 2015, and the grand from the National Academy of Agricultural Science (PJ01168502), RDA, Korea. We also thank the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC) for distributing fungal strains.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional information
Seung Won Kim and Jae Kweon Park have contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, S.W., Park, J.K., Lee, C.H. et al. Comparison of the Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan Oligosaccharides (COS) and EDTA against Fusarium fujikuroi Causing Rice Bakanae Disease. Curr Microbiol 72, 496–502 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-015-0973-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-015-0973-9