Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Treatment of Liver Tumors with Lipiodol TACE: Technical Recommendations from Experts Opinion

  • Review
  • Published:
CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Transarterial chemoembolization with Lipiodol (Lipiodol TACE), also called conventional TACE, was developed in the early 1980s and widely adopted worldwide after randomized control trials and meta-analysis demonstrated superiority of Lipiodol TACE to best supportive care. Presently, there is no level one evidence that other TACE techniques are superior to Lipiodol TACE for intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which includes patients with preserved liver function and nonsurgical large or multinodular HCC without distant metastases. In addition, TACE is part of the treatment for progressive or symptomatic liver metastases from gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. When injected into the hepatic artery, Lipiodol has the unique property of selective uptake and retention in hyperarterialyzed liver tumors. Lipiodol/drug emulsion followed by particle embolization has been demonstrated to improve the pharmacokinetic of the drug and tumor response. Radio opacity of Lipiodol helps to monitor treatment delivery, with retention of Lipiodol serving as an imaging biomarker for tumor response. For 30 years, Lipiodol TACE has been inconsistently referenced in many publications with various levels of details for the method of preparation and administration, with reported progressive outcomes following improvements in the technique and the devices used to deliver the treatment and better patient selection. Consequently, there is no consensus on the standard method of TACE regarding the use of anticancer agents, embolic material, technical details, and the treatment schedule. In order to develop an internationally validated technical recommendation to standardize the Lipiodol TACE procedure, a worldwide panel of experts participated in a consensus meeting held on May 10, 2014 .

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. El-Serag HB, Mason AC. Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(10):745–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Llovet J, Ducreux M, Lencioni R, et al. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48(5):599–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Yau T, Tang VY, Yao TJ, Fan ST, Lo CM, Poon RT. Development of Hong Kong liver cancer staging system with treatment stratification for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(7):1691–1700.e1693.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Konno T, Maeda H, Iwai K, et al. Effect of arterial administration of high-molecular-weight anticancer agent SMANCS with lipid lymphographic agent on hepatoma: a preliminary report. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1983;19(8):1053–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Nakamura H, Hashimoto T, Oi H, Sawada S. Transcatheter oily chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 1989;170(3 Pt 1):783–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Uchida H, Ohishi H, Matsuo N, et al. Transcatheter hepatic segmental arterial embolization using lipiodol mixed with an anticancer drug and gelfoam particles for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1990;13(3):140–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yamada R, Sato M, Kawabata M, Nakatsuka H, Nakamura K, Takashima S. Hepatic artery embolization in 120 patients with unresectable hepatoma. Radiology. 1983;148(2):397–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Matsui O, Kadoya M, Yoshikawa J, et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma : treatement with subsegmental transcatheter arterial embolization. Radiology. 1993;188:79–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Llovet JM, Real MI, Montana X, et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9319):1734–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2002;35(5):1164–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Golfieri R, Giampalma E, Renzulli M, et al. Randomised controlled trial of doxorubicin-eluting beads vs conventional chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2014;111(2):255–64.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lammer J, Malagari K, Vogl T, et al. Prospective randomized study of doxorubicin-eluting-bead embolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of the PRECISION V study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(1):41–52.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ikeda M, Arai Y, Park SJ, et al. Prospective study of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: an Asian cooperative study between Japan and Korea. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(4):490–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Luo J, Guo RP, Lai EC, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a prospective comparative study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(2):413–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pomfret EA, Washburn K, Wald C, et al. Report of a national conference on liver allocation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Liver Transpl. 2010;16(3):262–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Peng ZW, Zhang YJ, Chen MS, et al. Radiofrequency ablation with or without transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(4):426–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A, et al. One hundred years after “carcinoid”: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(18):3063–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Frilling A, Modlin IM, Kidd M, et al. Recommendations for management of patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(1):e8–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pavel M, Baudin E, Couvelard A, et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with liver and other distant metastases from neuroendocrine neoplasms of foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;95(2):157–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bhagat N, Reyes DK, Lin M, et al. Phase II study of chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads in patients with hepatic neuroendocrine metastases: high incidence of biliary injury. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2013;36(2):449–59.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Guiu B, Deschamps F, Aho S, et al. Liver/biliary injuries following chemoembolisation of endocrine tumours and hepatocellular carcinoma: lipiodol versus drug-eluting beads. J Hepatol. 2012;56(3):609–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Laval-Jeantet M, Tristant H, Guerbet M, et al. A new method of lipiodol hepatography using an intraarterial approach. J Radiol Electrol Med Nucl. 1972;53(1):29–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. de Baere T, Dufaux J, Roche A, et al. Circulatory alterations induced by intra-arterial injection of iodized oil and emulsions of iodized oil and doxorubicin : experimental study. Radiology. 1995;194:165–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. de Baere T, Zhang X, Aubert B, et al. Quantification of tumor uptake of iodized oils and emulsions of iodized oils : experimental study. Radiology. 1996;201:731–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kan Z, Ivancev K, Lunderquist A. Peribiliary plexa—important pathways for shunting of iodized oil and silicon rubber solution from the hepatic artery to the portal vein. An experimental study in rat. Invest Radiol. 1994;29:671–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Terayama N, Matsui O, Gabata T, et al. Accumulation of iodized oil within the nonneoplastic liver adjacent to hepatocellular carcinoma via the drainage routes of the tumor after transcatheter arterial embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2001;24(6):383–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. de Baere T, Denys A, Briquet R, Chevalier P, Laurent A, Roche A. Modification of arterial and portal hemodynamic after injection of iodized oil in the hepatic artery : experimental study. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1998;9:305–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Raoul JL, Heresbach D, Bretagne JF, et al. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinomas. A study of the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin. Cancer. 1992;70(3):585–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Takayasu K, Shima Y, Muramatsu Y, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma : treatment with intra arterial iodized oil with and without chemotherapeutic agents. Radiology. 1987;162:345–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Takayasu K, Arii S, Ikai I, et al. Overall survival after transarterial lipiodol infusion chemotherapy with or without embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: propensity score analysis. Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(3):830–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Takayasu K, Arii S, Matsuo N, et al. Comparison of CT findings with resected specimens after chemoembolization with iodized oil for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175(3):699–704.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. El Khaddari S, Gaudin JL, Abidi H, Picaud G, Rode A, Souquet JC. Chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: multivariate analysis of survival prognostic factors after the first session. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2002;26(8–9):728–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kim DY, Ryu HJ, Choi JY, et al. Radiological response predicts survival following transarterial chemoembolisation in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(11):1343–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Charnsangavej C. Chemoembolization of liver tumors. Semin Invest Radiol. 1993;10:150–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kamat PP, Gupta S, Ensor JE, et al. Hepatic arterial embolization and chemoembolization in the management of patients with large-volume liver metastases. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2008;31(2):299–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. de Baere T, Roche A, Amenabar JM, et al. Liver abscess formation after local treatment of liver tumors. Hepatology. 1996;23(6):1436–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Joskin J, de Baere T, Auperin A, et al. Predisposing factors of liver necrosis after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumor. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;38(2):372–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Kulik L, et al. Radioembolization results in longer time-to-progression and reduced toxicity compared with chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(2):497–507.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(4):378–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pavel ME, Hainsworth JD, Baudin E, et al. Everolimus plus octreotide long-acting repeatable for the treatment of advanced neuroendocrine tumours associated with carcinoid syndrome (RADIANT-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2011;378(9808):2005–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Raymond E, Dahan L, Raoul JL, et al. Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(6):501–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Woo S, Chung JW, Hur S, et al. Liver abscess after transarterial chemoembolization in patients with bilioenteric anastomosis: frequency and risk factors. Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200(6):1370–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Khan W, Sullivan KL, McCann JW, et al. Moxifloxacin prophylaxis for chemoembolization or embolization in patients with previous biliary interventions: a pilot study. Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(2):W343–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Patel S, Tuite CM, Mondschein JI, Soulen MC. Effectiveness of an aggressive antibiotic regimen for chemoembolization in patients with previous biliary intervention. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17(12):1931–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Akerstrom G, Falconi M, Kianmanesh R, Ruszniewski P, Plockinger U. enets consensus guidelines for the standards of care in neuroendocrine tumors: pre- and perioperative therapy in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology. 2009;90(2):203–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lewandowski RJ, Sato KT, Atassi B, et al. Radioembolization with 90Y microspheres: angiographic and technical considerations. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007;30(4):571–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kim HC, Chung JW, Lee W, Jae HJ, Park JH. Recognizing extrahepatic collateral vessels that supply hepatocellular carcinoma to avoid complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Radiographics. 2005;25(Suppl 1):S25–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Woo S, Kim HC, Chung JW, et al. Chemoembolization of extrahepatic collateral arteries for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe of the liver. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;38(2):389–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Toyoda H, Kumada T, Sone Y. Impact of a unified CT angiography system on outcome of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(3):766–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Takayasu K, Muramatsu Y, Maeda T, et al. Targeted transarterial oily chemoembolization for small foci of hepatocellular carcinoma using a unified helical CT and angiography system: analysis of factors affecting local recurrence and survival rates. Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176(3):681–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kakeda S, Korogi Y, Ohnari N, et al. Usefulness of cone-beam volume CT with flat panel detectors in conjunction with catheter angiography for transcatheter arterial embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(12):1508–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wallace MJ, Murthy R, Kamat PP, et al. Impact of C-arm CT on hepatic arterial interventions for hepatic malignancies. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(12):1500–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Deschamps F, Elias D, Goere D, et al. Intra-arterial hepatic chemotherapy: a comparison of percutaneous versus surgical implantation of port-catheters. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011;34(5):973–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Miyayama S, Yamashiro M, Hashimoto M, et al. Comparison of local control in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma ≤ 6 cm with or without intraprocedural monitoring of the embolized area using cone-beam computed tomography. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;37(2):388–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Chen R, Geschwind JF, Wang Z, Tacher V, Lin M. Quantitative assessment of lipiodol deposition after chemoembolization: comparison between cone-beam CT and multidetector CT. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(12):1837–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Marelli L, Stigliano R, Triantos C, et al. Transarterial therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: which technique is more effective? A systematic review of cohort and randomized studies. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007;30(1):6–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Gaba RC. Chemoembolization practice patterns and technical methods among interventional radiologists: results of an online survey. Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198(3):692–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Ono Y, Yoshimasu T, Ashikaga R, et al. Long-term results of lipiodol-transcatheter arterial embolization with cisplatin or doxorubicin for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2000;23(6):564–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Yamanaka K, Hatano E, Narita M, et al. Comparative study of cisplatin and epirubicin in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res. 2011;41(4):303–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Sahara S, Kawai N, Sato M, et al. Prospective comparison of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with Lipiodol-epirubicin and Lipiodol-cisplatin for treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Radiol. 2010;28(5):362–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Petruzzi NJ, Frangos AJ, Fenkel JM, et al. Single-center comparison of three chemoembolization regimens for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(2):266–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Shi M, Lu LG, Fang WQ, et al. Roles played by chemolipiodolization and embolization in chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: single-blind, randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(1):59–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Marrache F, Vullierme MP, Roy C, et al. Arterial phase enhancement and body mass index are predictors of response to chemoembolisation for liver metastases of endocrine tumours. Br J Cancer. 2007;96(1):49–55.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Dominguez S, Denys A, Madeira I, et al. Hepatic arterial chemoembolization with streptozotocin in patients with metastatic digestive endocrine tumours. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;12(2):151–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Tzeng WS, Wu RH, Chang SC, et al. Ionic versus nonionic contrast media solvents used with an epirubicin-based agent for transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;19(3):342–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Louail B, Sapoval M, Bonneau M, Wasseff M, Senechal Q, Gaux JC. A new porcine sponge material for temporary embolization: an experimental short-term pilot study in swine. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006;29(5):826–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Katsumori T, Kasahara T. The size of gelatin sponge particles: differences with preparation method. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006;29(6):1077–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Brown KT. Fatal pulmonary complications after arterial embolization with 40–120-μm tris-acryl gelatin microspheres. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004;15(2 Pt 1):197–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Yamakado K, Miyayama S, Hirota S, et al. Hepatic arterial embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas: do technical factors affect prognosis? Jpn J Radiol. 2012;30(7):560–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Irie T, Kuramochi M, Takahashi N. Dense accumulation of lipiodol emulsion in hepatocellular carcinoma nodule during selective balloon-occluded transarterial chemoembolization: measurement of balloon-occluded arterial stump pressure. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2013;36(3):706–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Roche A, Girish BV, de Baere T, et al. Prognostic factors for chemoembolization in liver metastasis from endocrine tumors. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;51(60):1751–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Molgaard CP, Teitelbaum GP, Pentecost MJ, et al. Intraarterial administration of lidocaine for analgesia in hepatic chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1990;1(1):81–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lee SH, Hahn ST, Park SH. Intraarterial lidocaine administration for relief of pain resulting from transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: its effectiveness and optimal timing of administration. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2001;24(6):368–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Miyayama S, Mitsui T, Zen Y, et al. Histopathological findings after ultraselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res. 2009;39(4):374–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Miyayama S, Matsui O, Yamashiro M, et al. Ultraselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with a 2-f tip microcatheter for small hepatocellular carcinomas: relationship between local tumor recurrence and visualization of the portal vein with iodized oil. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18(3):365–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Vogl TJ, Nour-Eldin NE, Emad-Eldin S, et al. Portal vein thrombosis and arterioportal shunts: effects on tumor response after chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(10):1267–75.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Choi J, Shim JH, Shin YM, Kim KM, Lim YS, Lee HC. Clinical significance of the best response during repeated transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2014;60(6):1212–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Georgiades C, Geschwind JF, Harrison N, et al. Lack of response after initial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: does it predict failure of subsequent treatment? Radiology. 2012;265(1):115–23.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Raoul JL, Gilabert M, Piana G. How to define transarterial chemoembolization failure or refractoriness: a European perspective. Liver Cancer. 2014;3(2):119–24.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hucke F, Sieghart W, Pinter M, et al. The ART-strategy: sequential assessment of the ART score predicts outcome of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma re-treated with TACE. J Hepatol. 2014;60(1):118–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sieghart W, Hucke F, Pinter M, et al. The ART of decision making: retreatment with transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2013;57(6):2261–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Leung DA, Goin JE, Sickles C, Raskay BJ, Soulen MC. Determinants of postembolization syndrome after hepatic chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;12(3):321–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Brown DB, Nikolic B, Covey AM, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for transhepatic arterial chemoembolization, embolization, and chemotherapeutic infusion for hepatic malignancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012;23(3):287–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Ronot M, Bouattour M, Wassermann J, et al. Alternative response criteria (Choi, European association for the study of the liver, and modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors [RECIST]) versus RECIST 1.1 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Oncologist. 2014;19(4):394–402.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Lencioni R, Llovet JM. Modified RECIST (mRECIST) assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2010;30(1):52–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge Guerbet LLC (North America) for facilitating the first Consensus Meeting held on May 11–14, 2014 in New York.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Interventional Radiology, Gustave Roussy, 112 Rue Edouard Vailant, 94805, Villejuif, France

    Thierry de Baere

  2. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan

    Yasuaki Arai

  3. Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Intervention (R.L.), Pisa University School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy

    Riccardo Lencioni

  4. Vascular and Interventional Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Jean-Francois Geschwind

  5. Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology Rm2803, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    William Rilling

  6. Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Riad Salem

  7. Department of Advanced Medical Imaging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan

    Osamu Matsui

  8. Division of Interventional Radiology (MCS), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Michael C. Soulen

Authors
  1. Thierry de Baere
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yasuaki Arai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Riccardo Lencioni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jean-Francois Geschwind
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. William Rilling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Riad Salem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Osamu Matsui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Michael C. Soulen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thierry de Baere.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Thierry de Baere: consultant for Terumo, Guerbet, BTG, GE Healthcare. Yasuaki Arai: personal fees from Fuji System, Akita Sumitomo Bakelite, Tahio and grant from Nippon Kayaku, Eisai. Riccardo Lencioni: personal fees from Guerbet. Jean-Francois Geschwind: personal fees from Bayer, BTG, Guerbet, Phillips medical, and grant from Bayer, BTG, Guerbet. William Rilling: personal fees from BBraun, BTG, Guerbet, Cook medical, and grant from BBraun, BTG, Sirtex, Siemens healthcare. Riad Salem: no disclosure. Osamu Matsui: consultant for Ezai, Taiho, Kouwa, and lecturer for Ezai, Bayer, Guerbet. Michael C. Soulen: grant from Guerbet, BTG, and Personal fees from Guerbet, BTG, Merit Medical, Sirtex medical, and royalties from Cambridge University Press.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

de Baere, T., Arai, Y., Lencioni, R. et al. Treatment of Liver Tumors with Lipiodol TACE: Technical Recommendations from Experts Opinion. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 39, 334–343 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-015-1208-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-015-1208-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation