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Recent analytical approaches to detect exhaled breath ammonia with special reference to renal patients

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Abstract

The ammonia odor from the exhaled breath of renal patients is associated with high levels of blood urea nitrogen. Typically, in the liver, ammonia and ammonium ions are converted into urea through the urea cycle. In the case of renal dysfunction, urea is unable to be removed and that causes a buildup of excessive ammonia. As small molecules, ammonia and ammonium ions can be forced into the blood–lung barrier and occur in exhaled breath. Therefore, people with renal failure have an ammonia (fishy) odor in their exhaled breath. Thus, exhaled breath ammonia can be a potential biomarker for monitoring renal diseases during hemodialyis. In this review, we have summarized the source of ammonia in the breath of end-stage renal disease patient, cause of renal disorders, exhaled breath condensate, and breath sampling. Further, various biosensor approaches to detect exhaled ammonia from renal patients and other ammonia systems are also discussed. We conclude with future perspectives, namely colorimetric-based real-time breathing diagnosis of renal failure, which might be useful for prospective studies.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the R and D Program for the Society of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning (2013M3C8A3078806 and 2015M3A9E2031372).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong dong, Sungnam, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, Republic of Korea

    Sanduru Thamarai Krishnan, Jasmine Pramila Devadhasan & Sanghyo Kim

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79709, USA

    Jasmine Pramila Devadhasan

  3. Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-daero 774 beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405-760, Republic of Korea

    Sanghyo Kim

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  1. Sanduru Thamarai Krishnan
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Krishnan, S.T., Devadhasan, J.P. & Kim, S. Recent analytical approaches to detect exhaled breath ammonia with special reference to renal patients. Anal Bioanal Chem 409, 21–31 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9903-3

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