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Nano-sized cosmetic formulations or solid nanoparticles in sunscreens: A risk to human health?

  • Inorganic compounds
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Abstract

Personal care products (PCP) often contain micron- or nano-sized formulation components, such as nanoemulsions or microscopic vesicles. A large number of studies suggest that such vesicles do not penetrate human skin beyond the superficial layers of the stratum corneum. Nano-sized PCP formulations may enhance or reduce skin absorption of ingredients, albeit at a limited scale. Modern sunscreens contain insoluble titanium dioxide (TiO2) or zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NP), which are efficient filters of UV light. A large number of studies suggest that insoluble NP do not penetrate into or through human skin. A number of in vivo toxicity tests, including in vivo intravenous studies, showed that TiO2 and ZnO NP are non-toxic and have an excellent skin tolerance. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, photo-genotoxicity, general toxicity and carcinogenicity studies on TiO2 and ZnO NP found no difference in the safety profile of micro- or nano-sized materials, all of which were found to be non-toxic. Although some published in vitro studies on insoluble nano- or micron-sized particles suggested cell uptake, oxidative cell damage or genotoxicity, these data are consistent with those from micron-sized particles and should be interpreted with caution. Data on insoluble NP, such as surgical implant-derived wear debris particles or intravenously administered magnetic resonance contrast agents suggest that toxicity of small particles is generally related to their chemistry rather than their particle size. Overall, the weight of scientific evidence suggests that insoluble NP used in sunscreens pose no or negligible risk to human health, but offer large health benefits, such as the protection of human skin against UV-induced skin ageing and cancer.

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Abbreviations

GLP:

Good laboratory practice

NP:

Nanoparticle(s)

PCP:

Personal care product(s)/cosmetics

PPS:

Primary particle size

SC:

Stratum corneum

TiO2 :

Titanium dioxide

TTD:

Transdermal drug delivery

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

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Acknowledgments

The authors of the article are employees of the personal care product industry. However, the opinions forwarded in the article represent their personal and independent opinions. In addition, the authors received no personal support or reward by their employer or the PCP industry for writing the article.

Conflict of interest

They therefore declare no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Global Safety Evaluation, L’OREAL Research and Innovation, 92600, Asnières, France

    Gerhard J. Nohynek & Eric K. Dufour

  2. Global Safety Evaluation, L’OREAL Research and Innovation, 25-29, quai Aulagnier, 92665, Asnières, France

    Gerhard J. Nohynek

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  1. Gerhard J. Nohynek
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  2. Eric K. Dufour
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Correspondence to Gerhard J. Nohynek.

Additional information

This article is published as a part of the Special Issue “Nanotoxicology II” on the ECETOC Satellite workshop, Dresden 2010 (Innovation through Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials + Current Aspects of Safety Assessment and Regulation.

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Nohynek, G.J., Dufour, E.K. Nano-sized cosmetic formulations or solid nanoparticles in sunscreens: A risk to human health?. Arch Toxicol 86, 1063–1075 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-012-0831-5

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