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Vitamin D status in relation to obesity, bone mineral density, bone turnover markers and vitamin D receptor genotypes in healthy Saudi pre- and postmenopausal women

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Abstract

Summary

The various factors that may contribute to vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency were examined among healthy Saudi pre- and postmenopausal women. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among studied Saudi women with obesity, poor sunlight exposure, poor dietary vitamin D supplementation and age as the main risk factors.

Introduction

The various factors that may contribute to vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency in relation to bone health among Saudi women are not known. The main objectives of the present study were to determine the factors influencing vitamin D status in relation to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone turnover markers (BTMs), bone mineral density (BMD), and vitamin D receptor genotype (VDR) in healthy Saudi pre- and postmenopausal women.

Methods

A total number of 1,172 healthy Saudi women living in the Jeddah area were randomly selected and studied. Anthropometric parameters, socioeconomic status, sun exposure index together with serum levels of 25(OH)D, calcitriol, intact PTH, Ca, PO4, Mg, creatinine, albumin, and biochemical BTMs were measured. BMD was measured by a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and VDR genotypes were also determined.

Results

About 80.0% of Saudi women studied exhibited vitamin D deficiency (serum 25(OH)D < 50.0 nmol/L) with only 11.8% of all women were considered with adequate vitamin D status (serum 25(OH)D > 75 nmol/L). Secondary hyperparathyroidism was evident in 18.5% and 24.6% in pre- and postmenopausal women with 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L. Serum 25(OH)D was lower (P < 0.001) and intact PTH higher (P < 0.001) in the upper quintiles of body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BMI, sun exposure index, poor dietary vitamin D supplementation, WHR, and age were independent positive predictors of serum 25(OH)D values.

Conclusions

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among healthy Saudi pre-and postmenopausal women and largely attributed to obesity, poor exposure to sunlight, poor dietary vitamin D supplementation, and age.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Ministry of Higher Education for financial support to the Center of Excellence for Osteoporosis Research (CEOR) at King Abdulaziz University, (Grants no. CEOR/001-08 and CEOR/004-08) Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. We thank all the subjects who participated in the present study, and we thank all the staff and colleagues at CEOR, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, and the Primary Care Health Centers for their invaluable assistance during the execution of the present study. Special thanks are due to Ms. Veronica for her excellent secretarial help.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Excellence for Osteoporosis Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box No. 20724, Jeddah, 21465, Saudi Arabia

    M.-S. M. Ardawi, M. H. Qari, A. A. Rouzi, A. A. Maimani & R. M. Raddadi

  2. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    M.-S. M. Ardawi

  3. Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    M. H. Qari

  4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    A. A. Rouzi

  5. Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    A. A. Maimani

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Ardawi, MS.M., Qari, M.H., Rouzi, A.A. et al. Vitamin D status in relation to obesity, bone mineral density, bone turnover markers and vitamin D receptor genotypes in healthy Saudi pre- and postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 22, 463–475 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1249-7

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