Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) are dispensable components of the genome exhibiting non-Mendelian inheritance and have been widely reported on over several thousand eukaryotes, but still remain an evolutionary mystery ever since their first discovery over a century ago [1]. Recent advances in genome analysis have significantly improved our knowledge on the origin and composition of Bs in the last few years. In contrast to the prevalent view that Bs do not harbor genes, recent analysis revealed that Bs of sequenced species are rich in gene-derived sequences. We summarize the latest findings on supernumerary chromosomes with a special focus on the origin, DNA composition, and the non-Mendelian accumulation mechanism of Bs.
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Abbreviations
- As:
-
Standard chromosomes
- Bs:
-
Supernumerary B chromosomes
- FISH:
-
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
- miRNA:
-
microRNA
- NUPT:
-
Nuclear integrants of plastid DNA
- NUMT:
-
Nuclear integrants of mitochondrial DNA
- NORG:
-
Nuclear integrants of cytoplasmic organellar DNA
- SNP:
-
Single nucleotide polymorphism
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the DFG Germany (HO 1779/14-1) and the IPK. We would like to thank Juan Pedro M. Camacho (Granada, Spain), Nikolay B. Rubtsov (Novosibirsk, Russia) and Andre Marques (Gatersleben, Germany) for providing photomicrographs.
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Houben, A., Banaei-Moghaddam, A.M., Klemme, S. et al. Evolution and biology of supernumerary B chromosomes. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 71, 467–478 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-013-1437-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-013-1437-7