Abstract
The musculoskeletal model developed in this work is an improvement over previous models in two respects. First, the model is three-dimensional, and includes a detailed description of both patellofemoral and tibiofemoral mechanics. Second, and perhaps more significantly, the model takes into account the effects of both musculotendon properties and musculoskeletal geometry on calculations of ligament and articular-contact forces transmitted at the knee. The model presented here not only incorporates the force-length properties of all the major extensor and flexor muscles of the knee, but it also represents the path of each actuator more precisely. Simulations of maximum isometric knee extension and knee flexion were used to explain the variation in cruciate ligament loading at the knee resulting from the interaction between the external forces applied to the bones, the action of the muscles, and the articular-contact forces transmitted through the joint.
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Kim, S. Muscle-ligament interactions at the human knee (I). KSME International Journal 12, 1079–1089 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02942581
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02942581