Abstract
Along the journey of striving for survival and development, humanity has gradually established a system of natural relations between people as well as between man and external environment, among which the systems of social relations comprising economic and non-economic relations between people are characterized by mutual dependence, interconnection, interpenetration, and opening-up to each other. The micro-system of the ethnic population mainly refers to the marital and family relations.
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The wife-concubine system is a multi-spouse system dominated by men. Beginning from the slave society, it has been a common practice in the upper class of nearly all ethnic groups. In other words, the people in a privileged status with rich resources were the main practitioners of the wife-concubine system. As Islam allows polygamy (four spouses at top), it’s practiced by the wealthy and upper religious class among the Hui people in northwestern China. This practice mainly prevailed in the ethnic groups of ancient civilizations as the privilege of the rich and the noble.
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In exogamy, men are only allowed to enter into marriage with the members of the maternal uncle’s family, which constitutes a one-way circulation of marriage. In case of the death of a married son, his widow could marry the deceased husband’s father as a concubine. Two sisters could marry the father and the son of the same family. Brothers could marry sisters from another family. Such cross-generational and group marriages reflect the characteristics of the Drung ethnic group during the disintegration of patriarchal clan and families.
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Liu Zheng, et al.Introduction to Demographic Theories. Renmin University of China Press. 1985, pp. 225.
- 33.
Population density refers to the population per unit land area in a certain period of time. It’s an indicator of the relationship between the population and the size of its occupied area at a certain time, reflecting the population density on a certain land area. The most commonly used and simplest index is the population density, expressed as the number of permanent residents per square kilometer (km2).
- 34.
Optimum population is a concept in demographic theory, referring to the most appropriate population for the national or regional development. The optimum theory of population initially took shape in the early 20th century. The term “optimum population” was first used by the Swedish economist J.G.K. Wicksell and the theory was first proposed by the British economist E. Cannan.
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Liu Zheng et al. Introduction to Demographic Theories. Renmin University of China Press. 1985, p. 234.
- 36.
China was divided into eastern, central and western regions in 1986. By 2000, the western region had extended to incorporate 12 provincial-level administrative areas, namely Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Guangxi, and Inner Mongolia; the central region had comprised eight provincial-level administrative areas, namely Shanxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, and Hunan; and the eastern region incorporated 11 provincial-level administrative areas as in 1986. The book is based on the regional division in 2000.
- 37.
The ethnic autonomous areas herein only refer to China’s ethnic autonomous regions, namely Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Xinjiang and Ningxia.
- 38.
The 13 ethnic groups are Dongxiang, Lisu, Lahu, Jingpo, Kirgiz, Blang, Tajik, De’ang, Derung, Monba, Lhoba, Jino and Nu. The proportions of the primary industry are 88.05%, 89.74%, 87.85%, 82.26%, 81.30%, 85.52%, 88.79%, 89.77%, 88.30%, 84.60%, 87.63%, 82.47%, and 80.11% respectively.
- 39.
It is expressed as the ethnic population in the province (autonomous region, municipality)* latitude and longitude of the population center in the province divided by the national ethnic population.
- 40.
Calculations based on the data from following two books. Department of Population Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics. Demographic Yearbook 1988. China Prospect Publishing House. 1988, p. 391.
Department of Population Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics. Tabulation on the Population Census of the People’s Republic of China (Volume I). China Statistics Press. 1993, p. 306 and p. 313.
- 41.
Calculation based on the data from: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (Volume I). The Ethnic Pulbishing House. 2003, pp. 2–3.
- 42.
Cao Mingguo, et al. China Population (Jilin). China Financial & Economic Publishing House. 1988, p. 330.
- 43.
Calculation based on the data from: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (Volume I). The Ethnic Pulbishing House. 2003, p. 599 and p. 749.
- 44.
Calculations based on the data from the sixth National Population Census.
- 45.
In 2000, the total fertility rate of the Han people was 1.18 and that of the Mongolian, Manchu, and Korean nationalities were 1.14, 1.09, and 0.70 respectively. See page 390 of the Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (Volume I) compiled by Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics.
- 46.
The population dispersion index is used to determine the trend of concentration or dispersion of ethnic population distribution. The population dispersion index is 1 when the population is absolutely evenly distributed, and the index is close to zero when the population is highly concentrated in a small area.
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Yan, Y., Lv, Z. (2020). Ethnic Populations: A Microscopic Analysis. In: Chinese Ethnic Demography. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6153-5_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6153-5_4
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