Abstract
No simple generalisation about the total effect of out-migration on the place of origin is possible. Men always seek permanent or temporary dwelling at a place where geographical factors are more or less congenial for securing livelihood, security and final adaptation. Out-migration is not only attributed to economic factors but to the entire sociocultural setting of the place. Thus, there is enormous variation in the volume of out-migration between countries and between regions within a country. However, out-migration is generally viewed from macroeconomic perspectives, concentrating mainly on the incidence of out-migration in the non-agricultural urban sector and overshadowing the specific aspects of the rural sector. This urban bias is paradoxical when it is found that most migrants come from rural areas, and also that a great deal of out-migration from the rural areas is directed towards other rural areas.
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- 1.
This study predates the formation of Jharkhand State in November 2000. Hence, some districts today are part of the Jharkhand State which was carved out of Bihar.
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Appendices
Annexure I: Inter-state Rural-to-Rural Out-Migration from Bihar, 1991
Sr. No. | State | Inter-state male out-migrants from Bihar | Inter-state rural-to-rural male out-migrants from Bihar | Inter-state rural-to-rural male out-migration from Bihar |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Delhi | 178,151 | 13,953 | 7.83 |
2. | Maharashtra | 67,630 | 5460 | 8.07 |
3. | Karnataka | 7420 | 790 | 10.65 |
4. | Rajasthan | 25,550 | 4160 | 16.28 |
5. | West Bengal | 673,929 | 118,001 | 17.51 |
6. | Andhra Pradesh | 12,540 | 2310 | 18.42 |
7. | Haryana | 42,680 | 9440 | 22.12 |
8. | Meghalaya | 6348 | 1436 | 22.62 |
9. | Nagaland | 5689 | 1350 | 23.73 |
10 | Gujarat | 25,610 | 6740 | 26.72 |
11 | Madhya Pradesh | 105,722 | 28,438 | 26.90 |
12 | Punjab | 63,138 | 17,265 | 27.34 |
13 | Odisha | 70,242 | 21,125 | 30.07 |
14 | Chandigarh | 8980 | 2769 | 30.84 |
15 | Uttar Pradesh | 147,531 | 58,665 | 39.76 |
16 | Assam | 115,527 | 48,446 | 41.93 |
17 | Arunachal Pradesh | 9425 | 4915 | 52.15 |
18 | Himachal Pradesh | 7878 | 5063 | 64.27 |
19 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 6049 | 4320 | 71.42 |
20 | Others | 17,248 | 5068 | 29.36 |
Total | 1,597,287 | 359,714 | 22.52 |
Annexure II: Inter-state Rural-to-Urban Out-Migration from Bihar, 1991
Sr. No. | State | Inter-state male out-migrants from Bihar | Inter-state rural-to-urban male out-migrants from Bihar | Inter-state rural-to-urban male out-migration from Bihar |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Himachal Pradesh | 7878 | 983 | 12.48 |
2. | Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 6049 | 1065 | 17.60 |
3. | Karnataka | 7420 | 1640 | 22.10 |
4. | Andhra Pradesh | 12,540 | 3940 | 31.42 |
5. | Arunachal Pradesh | 9425 | 3384 | 35.90 |
6. | Uttar Pradesh | 147,531 | 53,664 | 36.37 |
7. | Assam | 115,527 | 47,258 | 40.91 |
8. | Punjab | 63,138 | 26,483 | 41.94 |
9. | Gujarat | 25,610 | 10,820 | 42.25 |
10 | Odisha | 70,242 | 29,817 | 42.45 |
11 | Madhya Pradesh | 105,722 | 47,903 | 45.31 |
12 | Nagaland | 5689 | 2642 | 46.44 |
13 | Chandigarh | 8980 | 4211 | 46.89 |
14 | Meghalaya | 6348 | 3052 | 48.08 |
15 | Rajasthan | 25,550 | 12,540 | 49.08 |
16 | Haryana | 42,680 | 24,070 | 56.40 |
17 | West Bengal | 673,929 | 400,770 | 59.47 |
18 | Delhi | 178,151 | 115,281 | 64.71 |
19 | Maharashtra | 67,630 | 43,770 | 64.72 |
20 | Others | 17,248 | 4668 | 27.06 |
Total | 1,597,287 | 837,961 | 52.46 |
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Kumar, S. (2020). A Geographical Analysis of Rural Male Out-Migration: A Case Study of Bhagalpur District. In: Banerjee, A., Jana, N., Mishra, V. (eds) Population Dynamics in Contemporary South Asia. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1668-9_14
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