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Biomarkers in Liver Disease pp 545–557Cite as

Circulating Extracellular Vesicles as Liver Biomarkers

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Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EV) released by various types of cells are detectable in body fluids such as blood and urine. Both clinical and animal studies showed that circulating EVs were elevated in response to many types of liver diseases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, acute liver failure, liver cirrhosis, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and drug-induced liver injury. The increase in subgroups of EVs and certain EV molecules was found to be of diagnostic and prognostic value for some liver diseases such as HCC and liver cirrhosis. Some microRNA species were solely increased in serum EVs but not the whole serum under disease states, indicating that circulating EVs may provide more sensitive liver biomarkers. Blood EVs from patients appeared to play a detrimental role contributing disease progression. Blocking blood EV elevation by pharmacological approaches afforded protection against liver damage. Circulating EVs are emerging as a rich source of new biomarkers for liver diseases.

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Abbreviations

ALF:

Acute liver failure

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

AFP:

Alpha-fetoprotein

ASGPR1:

Asialoglycoprotein receptor

DILI:

Drug-induced liver injury

EV:

Extracellular vesicles

HepB:

Hepatitis B

HepC:

Hepatitis C

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

I/R:

Ischemia-reperfusion

NAFLD:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

NASH:

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

ROCK1:

Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, The United States Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA

    Qiang Shi

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  1. Qiang Shi
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Correspondence to Qiang Shi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Shi, Q. (2017). Circulating Extracellular Vesicles as Liver Biomarkers. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Liver Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7675-3_38

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