Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Renal Cell Carcinoma pp 139–176Cite as

Imaging Features of Renal Cell Carcinoma Differential Diagnosis, Staging, and Posttreatment Evaluation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

With the widespread use of ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there has been an increase in the detection of various subtypes of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) and benign renal tumors. The differentiation of RCCs from benign tumors such as fat-poor angiomyolipoma and oncocytoma is very important to prevent unnecessary surgery. In addition, the recent progress of therapies to treat RCCs, including nephron-sparing surgery, percutaneous ablative procedures, and targeted antiangiogenic therapies, has increased the need for the accurate determination of subtypes and staging. With the development of imaging modalities, there have been significant improvements in correlating preoperative imaging with pathologic characteristics. Many studies performed within the last two decades have helped to clarify diagnostic imaging clues for both cystic and solid renal tumors.

In this chapter, we discuss the current status of US, CT, and MRI for the detection and differential diagnosis of renal tumors as well as staging, postprocedural imaging, and imaging for the targeted antiangiogenic treatment of RCC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Chow WH, Devesa SS, Warren JL, Fraumeni JF Jr (1999) Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. JAMA 281:1628–1631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Duchene DA, Lotan Y, Cadeddu JA, Sagalowsky AI, Koeneman KS (2003) Histopathology of surgically managed renal tumors: analysis of a contemporary series. Urology 62:827–830

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ozen H, Colowick A, Freiha FS (1993) Incidentally discovered solid renal masses: what are they? Br J Urol 72:274–276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Jinzaki M, Ohkuma K, Tanimoto A et al (1998) Small solid renal lesions: usefulness of power Doppler US. Radiology 209:543–550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Siegel CL, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, McClennan BL (1996) Angiomyolipoma and renal cell carcinoma: US differentiation. Radiology 198:789–779

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Jinzaki M, Tanimoto A, Mukai M et al (2000) Double-phase helical CT of small renal parenchymal neoplasms: correlation with pathologic findings and tumor angiogenesis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 24:835–842

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Young JR, Margolis D, Sauk S, Pantuck AJ, Sayre J, Raman SS (2013) Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: discrimination from other renal cell carcinoma subtypes and oncocytoma at multiphasic multidetector CT. Radiology 267:444–453

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Jinzaki M, Tanimoto A, Narimatsu Y et al (1997) Angiomyolipoma: imaging findings in lesions with minimal fat. Radiology 205:497–502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Silverman SG, Israel GM, Herts BR et al (2008) Management of the incidental renal mass. Radiology 249:16–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Silverman SG, Mortele KJ, Tuncali K et al (2007) Hyperattenuating renal masses: etiologies, pathogenesis, and imaging evaluation. Radiographics 27:1131–1143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Mihara S, Kuroda K, Yoshioka R et al (1999) Early detection of renal cell carcinoma by ultrasonographic screening – based on 13 years screening in exam. Ultrasound Med Biol 25:1033–1039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tosaka A, Ohya K, Yamada K et al (1990) Incidence and properties of renal masses and asymptomatic renal cell carcinoma detected by abdominal ultrasonography. J Urol 144:1097–1099

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Jamis-Dow CA, Choyke PL, Jennings SB, Linehan WM, Thakore KN, Walther MM (1996) Small (< o r= 3-cm) renal masses: detection with CT versus US and pathologic correlation. Radiology 198:785–788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kitamura H, Fujimoto H, Tobisu K et al (2004) Dynamic computed tomography and color Doppler ultrasound of renal parenchymal neoplasms: correlation with histopathological findings. Jpn J Clin Oncol 34:78–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Markic D, Krpina K, Ahel J, Spanjol J, Grskovic A, Stifter S et al (2014) Different presentations of renal cell cancer on ultrasound and computerized tomography. Urologia 81:228–232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hélénon O, Correas JM, Balleyquier C et al (2001) Ultrasound of renal tumors. Eur Radiol 11:1890–1901

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Park BK, Kim SH, Choi HJ (2005) Characterization of renal cell carcinoma using agent detection imaging: comparison with gray-scale ultrasound. Korean J Radiol 6:173–178

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Correas J-M, Claudon M, Tranquart F, Hélénon O (2006) The kidney: imaging with microbubble contrast agents. Ultrasound Q 22:53–66

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Park BK, Kim B, Kim SH et al (2007) Assessment of cystic renal masses based on Bosniak classification: comparison of CT and contrast-enhanced US. Eur J Radiol 61:310–314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Quaia E, Bertolotto M, Ciof fi V et al (2008) Comparison of contrast-enhanced sonography with unenhanced sonography and contrast-enhanced CT in the diagnosis of malignancy in complex cystic renal masses. Am J Roentgenol 191:1239–1249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Tamai H, Takiguchi Y, Oka M et al (2005) Contrast enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of solid renal tumors. J Ultrasound Med 24:1635–1640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ishikawa I, Morita K, Hayama S, Nakazawa T, Araki I, Higashi K, Miyazawa K, Suzuki K, Nojima T (2011) Imaging of acquired cystic disease-associated renal cell carcinoma by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with perflubutane microbubbles and positron emission tomography-computed tomography. Clin Exp Nephrol 15:136–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cohan RH, Sherman LS, Korobkin M et al (1995) Renal masses: assessment of corticomedullary-phase and nephrographic-phase CT scans. Radiology 196:445–451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Szolar DH, Kammerhuber F, Altziebler S et al (1997) Multiphasic helical CT of the kidney: increased conspicuity for detection and characterization of small (<3-cm) renal masses. Radiology 202:211–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kopka L, Fischer U, Zoeller G et al (1997) Dual-phase helical CT of the kidney: value of the corticomedullary and nephrographic phase for evaluation of renal lesions and preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma. Am J Roentgenol 169:1573–1578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Birnbaum BA, Jacobs JE, Ramchandani P (1996) Multiphasic renal CT: comparison of renal mass enhancement during the corticomedullary and nephrographic phases. Radiology 200:753–758

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Herts BR, Coll DM, Lieber ML et al (1999) Triphasic helical CT of the kidneys: contribution of vascular phase scanning in patients before urologic surgery. Am J Roentgenol 173:1273–1277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bosniak MA (1981) Angiomyolipoma (hamartoma) of the kidney: a preoperative diagnosis is possible in virtually every case. Urol Radiol 3:135–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bosniak MA, Megibow AJ, Hulnick DH, Horii S, Raghavendra BN (1988) CT diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma: the importance of detecting small amounts of fat. AJR Am J Roentgenol 151:497–501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Simpson E, Patel U (2006) Diagnosis of angiomyolipoma using computed tomography-region of interest <or = −10 HU or 4 adjacent pixels <or = −10 HU are recommended as the diagnostic thresholds. Clin Radiol 61:410–416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bosniak MA (1991) The small (less than or equal to 3.0 cm) renal parenchymal tumor: detection, diagnosis, and controversies. Radiology 179:307–317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Israel GM, Bosniak MA (2005) How I do it: evaluating renal masses. Radiology 236:441–450

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Catalano C, Fraioli F, Laghi A et al (2003) High-resolution multidetector CT in the preoperative evaluation of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Am J Roentgenol 180:1271–1277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sheth S, Scatarige JC, Horton KM et al (2001) Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma: role of multidetector CT and three-dimensional CT. Radiographics 21:S237–S254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wunderlich H, Reichelt O, Schubert R et al (2000) Preoperative simulation of partial nephrectomy with three-dimensional computed tomography. BJU Int 86:777–781

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criterias. Available at: http://www.acr.org/ac. Accessed 02 Dec 2015

  37. Meister M, Choyke P, Anderson C, Patel U (2009) Radiological evaluation, management, and surveillance of renal masses in Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Clin Radiol 64:589–500

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Verine J, Pluvinage A, Bousquet G, Lehmann-Che J, de Bazelaire C, Soufir N, et al. Hereditary renal cancer syndromes: an update of a systematic review. Eur Urol 2010;58:701–710.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Yamashita Y, Honda S, Nishiharu T, Urata J, Takahashi M (1996) Detection of pseudocapsule of renal cell carcinoma with MR imaging and CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 166:1151–1155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Earls JP, Krinsky GA (1997) Abdominal and pelvic applications of opposed-phase MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169:1071–1077

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Israel GM, Hindman N, Hecht E, Krinsky G (2005) The use of opposed-phase chemical shift MRI in the diagnosis of renal angiomyolipomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184:1868–1872

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Narumi Y, Hricak H, Presti JC Jr et al (1997) MR imaging of renal cell carcinoma. Abdom Imaging 22:216–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ho VB, Allen SF, Hood MN et al (2002) Renal masses: quantitative assessment of enhancement with dynamic MR imaging. Radiology 224:695–700

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Rofsky NM, Weinreb JC, Bosniak MA et al (1991) Renal lesion characterization with gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging: efficacy and safety in patients with renal insufficiency. Radiology 180:85–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sadowski EA, Bennett LK, Chan MR et al (2007) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: risk factors and incidence estimation. Radiology 243:148–157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kanal E, Barkovich AJ, Bell C et al (2007) ACR guidance document for safe MR practices: 2007. Am J Roentgenol 188:1447–1474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Broome DR, Girguis MS, Baron PW, Cottrell AC, Kjellin I, Kirk GA (2007) Gadodiamide-associated nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: why radiologists should be concerned. Am J Roentgenol 188:586–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Altum E, Martin DR, Wertman R, Lugo-Somolinos A, Fuller ER 3rd, RC S (2009) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: change in incidence following a switch in gadolinium agents and adoption of a gadolinium policy – report from two U.S. universities. Radiology 253:689–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Hecht EM, Israel GM, Krinsky GA et al (2004) Renal masses: quantitative analysis of enhancement with signal intensity measurements versus qualitative analysis of enhancement with image subtraction for diagnosing malignancy at MR imaging. Radiology 232:373–378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ho VB, Choyke PL (2004) MR evaluation of solid renal masses. MRI Clinics NA 12:413–427

    Google Scholar 

  51. Suh M, Coakley FV, Qayyum A et al (2003) Distinction of renal cell carcinomas from high-attenuation renal cysts at portal venous phase contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology 228:330–334

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bosniak MA (1986) The current radiological approach to renal cysts. Radiology 158:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Frank I, Blute ML, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Weaver AL, Zincke H (2003) Solid renal tumors: an analysis of pathological features related to tumor size. J Urol 170:2217–2220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Johnson DC, Vukina J, Smith AB et al (2015) Preoperatively misclassified, surgically removed benign renal masses: a systematic review of surgical series and United States population level burden estimate. J Urol 193:30–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Israel GM, Bosniak MA (2003) Calcification in cystic renal masses: is it important in diagnosis? Radiology 226:47–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kim DY et al (2010) Malignant renal cysts: diagnostic performance and strong predictors at MDCT. Acta Radiol 51:590–598

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Smith AD et al (2012) Bosniak category II F and III cystic renal lesions: outcomes and associations. Radiology 262:152–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Israel GM et al (2003) Follow-up CT of moderately complex cystic lesion of the kidney (Bosniak category II F). AJR 181:627–633

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lane BR, Campbell SC, Remer EM et al (2008) Cystic nephroma and mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney: ideal lesions for nephron-sparing surgery. Urology 71:1142–1148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Lang EK, Macchia RJ, Gayle B et al (2002) CT-guided biopsy of indeterminate renal cystic masses (Bosniak 3 and 2F): accuracy and impact on clinical management. Eur Radiol 12:2518–2524

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Harisinghani MG, Maher MM, Gervais DA et al (2003) Incidence of malignancy in complex cystic renal masses (Bosniak category III): should imaging-guided biopsy precede surgery? AJR Am J Roentgenol 180:755–758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Jinzaki M et al (2014) Renal angiomyolipoma: a radiological classification and update on recent developments in diagnosis and management. Abdom Imaging 39:588–604

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Takahashi K, Honda M, Okubo RS et al (1993) CT pixel mapping in the diagnosis of small angiomyolipomas of the kidneys. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17:98–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kurosaki Y, Tanaka Y, Kuramoto K, Itai Y (1993) Improved CT fat detection in small kidney angiomyolipomas using thin sections and single voxel measurements. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17:745–748

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Fielding JR, Visweswaran A, Silverman SG, Granter SR, Renshaw AA (1999) CT and ultrasound features of metanephric adenoma in adults with pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 23:441–444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Pickhardt PJ, Lonergan GJ, Davis CJ Jr, Kashitani N, Wagner BJ (2000) From the archives of the AFIP. Infiltrative renal lesions: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Radiographics 20:215–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Cohan RH, Dunnick NR, Leder RA (1990) Computed tomography of renal lymphoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14:933–938

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mitnick JS, Bosniak MA, Rothberg M (1985) Metastatic neoplasm to the kidney studied by computed tomography and sonography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:43–49

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Gattuso P, Ramzy I, Truong LD et al (1999) Utilization of fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of metastatic tumors to the kidney. Diagn Cytopathol 21:35–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sheir KZ, El-Azab M, Mosbah A et al (2005) Differentiation of renal cell carcinoma subtypes by multislice computerized tomography. J Urol 174:451–455

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Shinmoto H, Yuasa Y, Tanimoto A et al (1998) Small renal cell carcinoma: MRI with pathological correlation. J Magn Reson Imaging 8:690–694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Pedrosa I et al (2008) MR imaging of renal masses: correlation with findings at surgery and pathologic analysis. Radiographics 28:985–1003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Outwater EK et al (1997) Lipid in renal clear cell carcinoma: detection on opposed-phase gradient-echo MR images. Radiology 205:103–107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Rosenkrantz AB et al (2010) Utility of the apparent diffusion coefficient for distinguishing clear cell renal cell carcinoma of low and high nuclear grade. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195:W344–W351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Uzzo RG, Cherullo EE, Myles J et al (2002) Renal cell carcinoma invading the urinary collecting system: implications for staging. J Urol 167:2392–2396

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Smith SJ, Bosniak MA, Megibow AJ, Hulnick D, Horri SC, Ragavendra BN (1989) Renal cell carcinoma: earlier discovery and increased detection. Radiology 170:699–703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Soyer P et al (1997) Renal cell carcinoma of clear type: correlation of CT features with tumor size, architectural patterns, and pathologic staging. Eur Radiol 7:224–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Mejean A, Hopirtean V, Bazin JP et al (2003) Prognostic factors for the survival of patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma: meaning of histologic typing and multifocality. J Urol 170:764–767

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Yamada T, Endo M, Tsuboi M et al (2008) Differentiation of pathologic subtypes of papillary renal cell carcinoma on CT. Am J Roentgenol 191:1559–1563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Zhang J et al (2007) Solid renal cortical tumors: differentiation with CT. Radiology 244:494–504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Vargas HA et al (2012) Renal cortical tumors: use of multiphasic contrast-enhanced MR imaging to differentiate benign and malignant histologic subtypes. Radiology 264:779–788

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kondo T, Nakazawa H, Sakai F et al (2004) Spoke-wheellike enhancement as an important imaging finding of chromophobe cell renal carcinoma: a retrospective analysis on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Int J Urol 11:817–824

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Fukuya T, Honda H, Goto K et al (1996) Computed tomographic findings of Bellini duct carcinoma of the kidney. J Comput Assist Tomogr 20:399–403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Srigley JR, Eble JN (1998) Collecting duct carcinoma of kidney. Semin Diagn Pathol 15:54–67

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Pickhardt PJ, Siegel CL, McLarney JK (2001) Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney: are imaging findings suggestive of the diagnosis? Am J Roentgenol 176:627–633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gurel S et al (2013) Subtypes of renal cell carcinoma: MRI and pathological features. Diagn Interv Radiol 19:304–311

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Pickhardt PJ, Siegel CL, McLarney JK (2001) Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney: are imaging findings suggestive of the diagnosis? AJR Am J Roentgenol 176:627–633

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Lopez-Beltran A, Scarpelli M, Montironi R, Kirkali Z (2006) 2004 WHO classification of the renal tumors of the adults. Eur Urol 49:798–805

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ross H, Argani P (2010) Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma. Pathology 42:369–373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kato H, Kanematsu M, Yokoi S et al (2011) Renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion: radiological findings mimicking papillary subtype. J Magn Reson Imaging 33:217–220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Woo S, Kim SY, Lee MS et al (2015) MDCT findings of renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation and TFE3 gene fusion and papillary renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 204:542–549

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Sahni VA, Hirsch MS, Sadow CA et al (2012) Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma of the kidney: imaging features. Cancer Imaging 12:66–671

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Kenney PA et al (2015) Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (MTSCC) of the kidney: a detailed study of radiological, pathological and clinical outcomes. BJU Int 116:85–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Cornelis F, Ambrosetti D, Rocher L, et al. (2016) CT and MR imaging features of mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma of the kidneys. A multi-institutional review. Eur Radiol [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  95. Corr P, Yang WT, Tan I (1994) Spontaneous haemorrhage from renal angiomyolipomata. Australas Radiol 38:132–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Milner J, McNeil B, Alioto J et al (2006) Fat poor renal angiomyolipoma: patient, computerized tomography and histological findings. J Urol 176:905–909

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Hafron J, Fogarty JD, Hoenig DM et al (2005) Imaging characteristics of minimal fat renal angiomyolipoma with histologic correlations. Urology 66:1155–1159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Sasiwimonphan K, Takahashi N, Leibovich BC et al (2012) Small (<4 cm) renal mass: differentiation of angiomyolipoma without visible fat from renal cell carcinoma utilizing MR imaging. Radiology 263:160–168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Schuster TG, Ferguson MR, Baker DE et al (2004) Papillary renal cell carcinoma containing fat without calcification mimicking angiomyolipoma on CT. Am J Roentgenol 183:1402–1404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Hammadeh MY, Thomas K, Philp T et al (1998) Renal cell carcinoma containing fat mimicking angiomyolipoma: demonstration with CT scan and histopathology. Eur Radiol 8:228–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Davidson AJ, Hayes WJ, Hartman DS et al (1993) Renal oncocytoma and carcinoma: failure of differentiation with CT. Radiology 186:693–696

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Rosenkrantz AB et al (2010) MRI features of renal oncocytoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195:W421–W427

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Harmon WJ, King BF, Lieber MM (1996) Renal oncocytoma: magnetic resonance imaging characteristics. J Urol 155:863–867

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Ball DS et al (1986) Scar sign of renal oncocytoma: magnetic resonance imaging appearance and lack of specificity. Urol Radiol 8:46–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Kim JI, Cho JY, Moon KC, Lee HJ, Kim SH (2009) Segmental enhancement inversion at biphasic multidetector CT: characteristic finding of small renal oncocytoma. Radiology 252:441–448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. O'Malley ME, Tran P, Hanbidge A, Rogalla P (2012) Small renal oncocytomas: is segmental enhancement inversion a characteristic finding at biphasic MDCT? AJR Am J Roentgenol 199:1312–1315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Woo S, Cho JY, Kim SH, Kim SY (2013) Comparison of segmental enhancement inversion on biphasic MDCT between small renal oncocytomas and chromophobe renal cell carcinomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 201:598–604

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Davis CJ Jr, Barton JH, Sesterhenn IA, Mostofi FK (1995) Metanephric adenoma. Clinicopathological study of fifty patients. Am J Surg Pathol 19:1101–1114

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Schmelz HU, Stoschek M, Schwerer M, Danz B, Hauck EW, Weidner W et al (2005) Metanephric adenoma of the kidney: case report and review of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 37:213–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Zhang LJ, Yang GF, Shen W, Lu GM (2011) CT and ultrasound findings of metanephric adenoma: a report of two cases and literature review. Br J Radiol 84:e51–e54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Araki T, Hata H, Asakawa E, Araki T (1998) MRI of metanephric adenoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 22:87–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Bastide C, Rambeaud JJ, Bach AM, Russo P (2009) Metanephric adenoma of the kidney: clinical and radiological study of nine cases. BJU Int 103:1544–1548

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Dinney CP, Awad SA, Gajewski J et al (1992) Analysis of imaging modalities, staging systems, and prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma. Urology 39:122–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Constantinides C, Recker F, Bruehlmann W et al (1991) Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging compared to computerized tomography and selective renal angiography in preoperatively staging renal cell carcinoma. Urol Int 47:181–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Bechtold RE, Zagoria RJ (1997) Imaging approach to staging of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am 24:507–522

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. London NJ, Messios N, Kinder RB et al (1989) A prospective study of the value of conventional CT, dynamic CT, ultrasonography and arteriography for staging renal carcinoma. Br J Urol 64:209–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Hricak H, Thoeni RF, Carroll PR et al (1988) Detection and staging of renal neoplasms: a reassessment of MR imaging. Radiology 166:643–649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Tsui KH, Shvarts O, Smith R et al (2000) Prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of 643 patients using the revised 1997 TNM staging system. J Urol 163:1090–1095

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Koga S et al (2001) The diagnostic value of bone scan in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 166:2126–2128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Staudenherz A et al (1999) Is there a diagnostic role for bone scanning of patients with a high pretest probability for metastatic renal cell carcinoma? Cancer 85:153–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Kang DE et al (2004) Clinical use of fluorodeoxyglucose F-18 positron emission tomography for detection of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 171:1806–1809

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Dilhuydy MS et al (2006) PET scans for decision-making in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a single-institution evaluation. Oncology 70:339–344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Kopka L et al (1997) Dual-phase helical CT of the kidney: value of the corticomedullary and nephrographic phase for evaluation of renal lesions and preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma. AJR 169:1573–1578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Hallscheidt PJ et al (2004) Diagnostic accuracy of staging renal cell carcinomas using multidetector-row computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective study with histopathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 28:333–339

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Roberts WW et al (2005) Pathological stage does not alter the prognosis for renal lesions determined to be stage T1 by computerized tomography. J Urol 173:713–715

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Hallscheidt PJ et al (2006) Multislice computed tomography in planning nephron-sparing surgery in a prospective study with 76 patients: comparison of radiological and histopathological findings in the infiltration of renal structures. J Comput Assist Tomogr 30:869–874

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Türkvatan A et al (2009) Preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma with multidetector CT. Diagn Interv Radiol 15:22–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Roy C Sr et al (2005) Significance of the pseudocapsule on MRI of renal neoplasms and its potential application for local staging: a retrospective study. AJR 184:113–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Kamel IR, Hochman MG, Keogan MT et al (2004) Accuracy of breath-hold magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of organ-confined renal cell carcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 28:327–332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Hallscheidt PJ et al (2005) Preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus using multidetector CT and MRI: prospective study with histopathological correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 29:64–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Lee CU et al (2011) Vascular staging of renal and adrenal malignancies with a noncontrast enhanced steady state free precession technique. J Magn Reson Imaging 33:1406–1413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Lim DJ et al (1993) Computerized tomography in the preoperative staging for pulmonary metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 150:1112–1114

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Fielding JR et al (1999) Staging of 119 patients with renal cell carcinoma: the yield and cost-effectiveness of pelvic CT. AJR 172:23–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Khaitan A et al (2002) Is there a need for pelvic CT scan in cases of renal cell carcinoma? Int Urol Nephrol 33:13–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Casalino DD, Remer EM, Bishoff JT et al (2014) ACR appropriateness criteria post-treatment follow-up of renal cell carcinoma. J Am Coll Radiol 11:443–449

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Zisman A, Pantuck AJ, Dorey F et al (2001) Improved prognostication of renal cell carcinoma using an integrated staging system. J Clin Oncol 19:1649–1657

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Ljungberg B, Bensalah K, Canfield S et al (2015) EAU guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: 2014 update. Eur Urol 67:913–924

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Kidney Cancer. Version3.2016. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp

  139. Israel GM, Hecht E, Bosniak MA (2006) CT and MR imaging of complications of partial nephrectomy. Radiographics 26:1419–1429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Sarwani NI, Motta Ramirez GA, Remer EM, Kaouk JH, Gill IS (2007) Imaging findings after minimally invasive nephron-sparing renal therapies. Clin Radiol 62:333–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Albani JM, Novick AC (2003) Renal artery pseudoaneurysm after partial nephrectomy: three case reports and a literature review. Urology 62:227–231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Singh D, Gill I (2005) Renal artery pseudoaneurysm following laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J Urol 174:2256–2259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Matin SF, Ahrar K, Cadeddu JA et al (2006) Residual and recurrent disease following renal energy ablative therapy: a multi-institutional study. J Urol 176:1973–1977

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Davenport MS, Caoili EM, Cohan RH et al (2009) MRI and CT characteristics of successfully ablated renal masses: imaging surveillance after radiofrequency ablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192:1571–1578

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Kawamoto S, Permpongkosol S, Bluemke DA, Fishman EK, Solomon SB (2007) Sequential changes after radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation of renal neoplasms: role of CT and MR imaging. Radiographics 27:343–355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Takaki H, Nakatsuka A, Cornelis F et al (2016) False-positive tumor enhancement after cryoablation of renal cell carcinoma: a prospective study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 206:332–339

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wanders J, Kaplan RS, Rubinstein L et al (2000) New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:205–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer2009;45:228–247

    Google Scholar 

  149. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P et al (2007) Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 356:115–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Escudier B, Pluzanska A, Koralewski P, Ravaud A, BracardaS SC et al (2007) Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet 370:2103–2111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Rodríguez Faba O, Breda A, Rosales A, Palou J, Algaba F, Maroto Rey P et al (2010) Neoadjuvant temsirolimus effectiveness in downstaging advanced non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma. EurUrol 58:307–310

    Google Scholar 

  152. van der Veldt AA, Meijerink MR, van den Eertwegh AJ, Bex A, deGast G, Haanen JB, et al. Sunitinib for treatment of advanced renal cell cancer: primary tumor response. Clin Cancer Res2008;14:2431–2436

    Google Scholar 

  153. Thiam R, Fournier LS, Trinquart L, Medioni J, Chatellier G, Balvay D et al (2010) Optimizing the size variation threshold for the CT evaluation of response in metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. Ann Oncol 21:936–941

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. van der Veldt AA, Meijerink MR, van den Eertwegh AJ, Haanen JB, Boven E (2010) Choi response criteria for early prediction of clinical outcome in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated with sunitinib. Br J Cancer 102:803–809

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Choi H, Charnsangavej C, Faria SC, Macapinlac HA, BurgessMA PSR et al (2007) Correlation of computed tomography and positron emission tomography in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated at a single institution with imatinib mesylate: proposal of new computed tomography response criteria. J Clin Oncol 25:1753–1759

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Nathan PD, Vinayan A, Stott D, Juttla J, Goh V (2010) CT response assessment combining reduction in both size and arterial phase density correlates with time to progression in metastatic renal cancer patients treated with targeted therapies. Cancer Biol Ther 9:15–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Smith AD, Lieber ML, Shah SN (2010) Assessing tumor response and detecting recurrence in metastatic renal cell carcinoma on targeted therapy: importance of size and attenuation on contrast-enhanced CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:157–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Smith AD, Shah SN, Rini BI, Lieber ML, Remer EM (2010) Morphology, Attenuation, Size, and Structure (MASS) criteria: assessing response and predicting clinical outcome in metastatic renal cell carcinoma on antiangiogenic targeted therapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:1470–1478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Brufau BP, Cerqueda CS, Villalba LB, Izquierdo RS, González BM, Molina CN (2013) Metastatic renal cell carcinoma: radiologic findings and assessment of response to targeted antiangiogenic therapy by using multidetector CT. Radiographics 33:1691–1716

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Sahani DV, Kalva SP, Hamberg LM et al (2005) Assessing tumor perfusion and treatment response in rectal cancer with multisection CT: initial observations. Radiology 234:785–792

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Lassau N, Koscielny S, Albiges L et al (2010) Metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib: early evaluation of treatment response using dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Clin Cancer Res 16:1216–1225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Majhail NS, Urbain JL, Albani JM et al (2003) F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the evaluation of distant metastases from renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 21:3995–4000

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Desar IM, ter Voert EG, Hambrock T et al (2012) Functional MRI techniques demonstrate early vascular changes in renal cell cancer patients treated with sunitinib: a pilot study. Cancer Imaging 11:259–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan

    Masahiro Jinzaki & Hirotaka Akita

  2. Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan

    Mototsugu Oya

Authors
  1. Masahiro Jinzaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hirotaka Akita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mototsugu Oya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masahiro Jinzaki .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Mototsugu Oya

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Japan KK

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jinzaki, M., Akita, H., Oya, M. (2017). Imaging Features of Renal Cell Carcinoma Differential Diagnosis, Staging, and Posttreatment Evaluation. In: Oya, M. (eds) Renal Cell Carcinoma. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55531-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55531-5_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-55530-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-55531-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation