Abstract
There is a general caution that needs to be applied to studies that report population differences in skin biology, reactivity, or symptoms. The caution simply relates to the fact that known intra- and interindividual differences in skin reactivity and the potential breadth of reactivity across large population clusters makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions from studies on limited numbers of subjects. Age-related differences in skin reactivity tend to be more consistent in the response patterns that have emerged from individual studies than studies of other population comparisons (e.g., gender or ethnicity). A trend toward reduced skin irritation responsiveness in elderly subjects is a fairly common observation. Self-perception of skin sensitivity and sensory skin responses, as a function of age, have not been studied well enough to draw firm conclusions, though the limited data available also supports an age-related reduction in responsiveness. The situation is a bit more complicated with allergic responses. Here, except for the very young developing immune system, sensitivity may be as much related to exposure history as to inherent differences in susceptibility per se, although the prevalence and severity of elicitation responses can show some decline with age. This is likely due to the known age-related general decline in immune function.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Robinson MK. Population differences in skin structure and physiology and the susceptibility to irritant and allergic contact dermatitis: implications for skin safety testing and risk assessment. Contact Dermatitis. 1999;41:65–79.
Uitto J. The role of elastin and collagen in cutaneous aging: intrinsic aging versus photoexposure. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7(2s):12–16.
Franceschi C, Bonafè M, Valensin S, Olivieri F, De Luca M, Ottaviani E, et al. Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;908:244–54.
Bennett MF, Robinson MK, Baron ED, Cooper KD. Skin immune systems and inflammation: protector of the skin or promoter of aging? J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2008;13:15–9.
Krutmann J, Gilchrest BA. Photoaging of skin. In: Krutmann J, Gilchrest BA, editors. Skin aging. Berlin: Springer; 2006. p. 33–44.
Robinson MK, Tiesman JP, Binder RL, Juhlin KD. Immune and inflammatory gene expression profiles of chronological skin aging and photoaging. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:408.
Robinson MK, Binder RL, Griffiths CE. Genomic-driven insights into changes in aging skin. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(7s):8–11.
Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Abe M, Endo Y, Ishikawa O, Kurabayashi M. Effects of aging, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy on forearm skin elasticity in women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:945–9.
Sandby-Moller J, Poulsen T, Wulf HC. Epidermal thickness at different body sites: relationship to age, gender, pigmentation, blood content, skin type and smoking habits. Acta Derm Venereol. 2003;83:410–3.
Ghadially R. Aging and the epidermal permeability barrier: implications for contact dermatitis. Am J Contact Dermatol. 1998;9:162–9.
Reed JT, Ghadially R, Elias PM. Skin type, but neither race nor gender, influence epidermal permeability barrier function. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:1134–8.
Gosain A, Luisa MD, DiPietro A. Aging and wound healing. World J Surg. 2004;28:321–6.
Norman D. The effects of age-related skin changes on wound healing rates. J Wound Care. 2004;13:199–201.
Yamada M, Udono MU, Hori M, Hirose R, Sato S, Mori T, et al. Aged human skin removes UVB-induced pyrimidine dimers from the epidermis more slowly than younger adult skin in vivo. Arch Dermatol Res. 2006;297:294–302.
Thompson CS, Holowatz LA, Lost D. Attenuated noradrenergic sensitivity during local cooling in aged human skin. J Physiol. 2005;564:313–9.
Song WJ, Lee SM, Kim MH, Kim SH, Kim KW, Cho SH, et al. Histamine and allergen skin reactivity in the elderly population: results from the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011;107:344–52.
Agner T, Johansen JD, Overgaard L, Volund A, Basketter D, Menne T. Combined effects of irritants and allergens. Contact Dermatitis. 2002;47:21–6.
Lejman E, Stoudemayer T, Grove G, Kligman AM. Age differences in poison ivy dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1984;11:163–7.
Cua AB, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI. Cutaneous sodium lauryl sulphate irritation potential: age and regional variability. Br J Dermatol. 1990;123:607–13.
Grove GL, Duncan S, Kligman AM. Effect of ageing on the blistering of human skin with ammonium hydroxide. Br J Dermatol. 1982;107:393–400.
Tuft L, Heck VM, Gregory DC. Studies in sensitization as applied to skin test reactions. III. Influence of age upon skin reactivity. J Allergy. 1955;26:359–66.
Gilchrest BA, Stoff JS, Soter NA. Chronologic aging alters the response to ultraviolet-induced inflammation in human-skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1982;79:11–5.
Nilzen A, Voss Lagerlund K. Epicutaneous tests with detergents and a number of other common allergens. Dermatologica. 1962;124:42–52.
Robinson MK. Population differences in acute skin irritation responses – race, sex, age, sensitive skin and repeat subject comparisons. Contact Dermatitis. 2002;46:86–93.
Robinson MK. Racial differences in acute and cumulative skin irritation responses between Caucasian and Asian populations. Contact Dermatitis. 2000;42:134–43.
Robinson MK. Intra-individual variations in acute and cumulative skin irritation responses. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;45:75–83.
Green BG. Measurement of sensory irritation of the skin. Am J Contact Dermat. 2000;11:170–80.
Frosch PJ, Kligman AM. A method for appraising the stinging capacity of topically applied substances. J Soc Cosmet Chem. 1977;28:197–209.
Soschin D, Kligman AM. Adverse subjective responses. In: Kligman AM, Leyden JJ, editors. Safety and efficacy of topical drugs and cosmetics. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1982. p. 377–88.
Christensen M, Kligman AM. An improved procedure for conducting lactic acid stinging tests on facial skin. J Cosmet Sci. 1996;47:1–11.
Green BG, Bluth J. Measuring the chemosensory irritability of human skin. J Toxicol-Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 1995;14:23–48.
Heft MW, Cooper BY, Obrien KK, Hemp E, Obrien R. Aging effects on the perception of noxious and non-noxious thermal stimuli applied to the face. Aging-Clin Exp Res. 1996;8:35–41.
Adly MA, Assaf H, Hussein MR. Age-associated decrease of the nerve growth factor protein expression in the human skin: preliminary findings. J Dermatol Sci. 2006;42:268–71.
Besné I, Descombes C, Breton L. Effect of age and anatomical site on density of sensory innervation in human epidermis. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1445–50.
Garibyan L, Chiou AS, Elmariah SB. Advanced aging skin and itch: addressing an unmet need. Dermatol Ther. 2013;26:92–103.
Oyeyinka GO. Age and sex differences in immunocompetence. Gerontology. 1984;30:188–95.
Prystowsky SD, Allen AM, Smith RW, Nonomura JH, Odom RB, Akers WA. Allergic contact hypersensitivity to nickel, neomycin, ethylenediamine, and benzocaine. Relationships between age, sex, history of exposure, and reactivity to standard patch tests and use tests in a general population. Arch Dermatol. 1979;115:959–62.
Goh CL. Prevalence of contact allergy by sex, race and age. Contact Dermatitis. 1986;14:237–40.
Young E, van Weelden H, van Osch L. Age and sex distribution of the incidence of contact sensitivity tostandard allergens. Contact Dermatitis. 1988;19:307–8.
Balato A, Balato N, Di Costanzo L, Ayala F. Contact sensitization in the elderly. Clin Dermatol. 2011;29:24–30.
Wantke F, Hemmer W, Jarisch R, Gotz M. Patch test reactions in children, adults and the elderly – a comparative study in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1996;34:316–9.
Kwangsukstith C, Maibach HI. Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;33:289–98.
Schwartz M. Eczematous sensitization in various age groups. J Allergy. 1952;24:143–8.
Cassimos C, Kanakoudi-Tsakalidis F, Spyroglou K, Ladianos M, Tzaphi R. Skin sensitization to 2, 4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in the first months of life. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1980;3:111–3.
Robinson MK. Age and gender as influencing factors in skin sensitivity. In: Berardesca E, Fluhr JW, Maibach HI, editors. Sensitive skin syndrome. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2006. p. 169–80.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Robinson, M.K. (2017). Effects of Aging on Skin Reactivity. In: Farage, M., Miller, K., Maibach, H. (eds) Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47398-6_96
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47398-6_96
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-47397-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-47398-6
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine