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Clinical Handbook of Air Pollution-Related Diseases pp 141–186Cite as

Air Pollution in Infancy, Childhood and Young Adults

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Abstract

Children are particularly exposed to the effect of air pollution when compared to adults because of behavioural, environmental and physiological features. Exposure to air pollutants can start since foetal and early life, and the consequences on health can show up later in childhood or in adulthood with chronic or lifelong conditions. Although the effect on the respiratory tract secondary to acute and short-term exposure is known, constant exposure to background pollution can cause harmful effect on different organs and systems.

As children develop and grow, the constant action of toxins coming from airborne compounds can cause inflammation, oxidative stress and immune responses that could lead to the onset of chronic diseases and to the exacerbation of subacute conditions.

In fact, in areas particularly exposed to pollution and during those times of the season or of the year where higher peak of concentration of air pollutants is registered, the number of hospital admission and emergency department visits is higher. The burden for children and society is particularly high, but it is probably underestimated as long as the long-term consequences of childhood exposure are still unknown.

Even if the studies on children are limited, air pollution seems to have deleterious effect on birth weight and antenatal life, growth, neurological development, psychological health, immunity and infections, gastroenterological tract, cardiovascular system, metabolism, endocrinology, haematology, respiratory tract and the development of cancers of the childhood or of the adult life.

Because children can be chronically and acutely subjected to air pollution in their different phases of life and in the different places where they live, study or play—at home, at school and in extra-scholar and leisure activities—proper actions should be taken at individual and community level to reduce the chance and the level of exposure. For these reasons, doctors should always take into account the possibility of air pollution-related disease in children and must include environmental anamnesis while taking a medical history. Public health doctors should plan prevention programmes aimed to monitor the quality of the air in ambient where children live and promote project of sanitation of these same places. Policy-makers should plan intervention directed to reduce the level of pollutants emission in residential areas and close to school, playgrounds and facilities attended by children.

Individual measures, like the use of personal protection equipment, air cleaner as well as behavioural changes, remain a key factor to reduce the level of exposure in youngsters and consequently the risk of health consequences and the onset of diseases in childhood and in the adult life.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, L14 5AB, UK

    Fabio Capello

  2. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Neurological Disorders, ASL 1 Imperiese, Sanremo, 18038, Italy

    Giuseppe Pili

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  1. Fabio Capello
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  2. Giuseppe Pili
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Correspondence to Fabio Capello .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Alder Hey Children’s Hospital , Liverpool, United Kingdom

    Fabio Capello

  2. Scientific Director of Health Lab of GTechnology Foundation, Modena, Italy

    Antonio Vittorino Gaddi

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Capello, F., Pili, G. (2018). Air Pollution in Infancy, Childhood and Young Adults. In: Capello, F., Gaddi, A. (eds) Clinical Handbook of Air Pollution-Related Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62731-1_10

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62731-1_10

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