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Can We Screen and Still Reduce Overdiagnosis?

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Active Surveillance for Localized Prostate Cancer

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

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Abstract

Screening for cancer aims to find cancers as early as possible when the chance of cure is highest and as such involves healthy people who don’t have any symptoms at that point in time. Overdiagnosis is the diagnosis of a latent disease that would not have been diagnosed during a person’s lifetime (and would not have affected the person at all) without screening. Whether the diagnosis of a cancer in a particular patient can be considered as overdiagnosis is an interaction of how latent the disease is and how long the patient will live. A relatively rapid-growing cancer might not necessarily harm the patient or be the cause of death if the patient had a short remaining lifetime. On the other hand, a slow-growing cancer might harm the patient if he or she lives long enough. Prostate cancer is particularly amenable to overdiagnosis as there is a considerable reservoir of so-called latent disease which can be detected by a relatively simple procedure, the systematic prostate biopsy. Although obvious as it may seem, prostate cancer screening is frequently mixed up with PSA-based screening. While systematic large-scale screening for prostate cancer by a PSA-only approach may not be appropriate, it does not mean that there should be no prostate cancer screening at all. The issue is not that black and white. Better tools for detection of (potentially aggressive) prostate cancer have emerged since the PSA era, which include multivariate approaches, i.e., combining relevant information from multiple sources like clinical data, blood, urine markers, genetic tools, and novel imaging techniques. Such an approach may help to reduce unnecessary testing (e.g., biopsy) and overdiagnosis of nonlethal cancers while, and this is crucial, not missing the diagnosis of a potentially lethal prostate cancer.

In this chapter, we aim to summarize the harms and benefits of prostate cancer screening and assess the possibilities on who, when, and how to screen for prostate cancer aiming to keep the benefit and avoid the harm.

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  1. Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Peter Ka-Fung Chiu & Monique J. Roobol

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  1. University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Laurence Klotz

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Chiu, P.KF., Roobol, M.J. (2018). Can We Screen and Still Reduce Overdiagnosis?. In: Klotz, L. (eds) Active Surveillance for Localized Prostate Cancer. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62710-6_2

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