Abstract
Oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures are known to cause acute postoperative pain. Effective management of acute postoperative pain is critically important for physiological and psychological stability. The goal of effective postoperative pain management is to reduce or eliminate pain and discomfort with a minimum of side effects. Inadequate management of acute postoperative pain is a potential source of complications and a significant cause of decreased quality of life. Preemptive and perioperative medication administration and multimodal postoperative therapy have been shown to be effective in postoperative acute pain management following oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
500-mg dosing of acetaminophen is no longer available.
References
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Acute Pain Management. Practice guidelines for acute pain management in the perioperative setting: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on acute pain management. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(2):248–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31823c1030.
Lago-Méndez L, Diniz-Freitas M, Senra-Rivera C, Gude-Sampedro F, Gándara Rey JM, García-García A. Relationships between surgical difficulty and postoperative pain in lower third molar extractions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65(5):979.
Garcia A, Gude Sampedro F, Gandara Rey J, Gallas Torreira M. Trismus and pain after removal of impacted lower third molars. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;55(11):1223.
Bentley MW, Stas JM, Johnson JM, Viet BC, Garrett N. Effects of preincisional ketamine treatment on natural killer cell activity and postoperative pain management after oral maxillofacial surgery. AANA J. 2005;73(6):427–36.
Niemi L, Tuominen M, Pitkänen M, Rosenberg PH. Comparison of parenteral diclofenac and ketoprofen for postoperative pain relief after maxillofacial surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1995;39(1):96–9.
Phillips C, Blakey G 3rd, Jaskolka M. Recovery after orthognathic surgery: short-term health-related quality of life outcomes. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66(10):2110–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2008.06.080.
Phillips C, Blakey G 3rd. Short-term recovery after orthognathic surgery: a medical daily diary approach. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37(10):892–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2008.07.005.
Bryce G, Bomfim DI, Bassi GS. Pre- and post-operative management of dental implant placement. Part 1: management of post-operative pain. Br Dent J. 2014;217(3):123–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.650.
Nolan R, Kemmoona M, Polyzois I, Claffey N. The influence of prophylactic antibiotic administration on post-operative morbidity in dental implant surgery. A prospective double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;25(2):252–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.12124.
Pani SC, AlGarni B, AlZain LM, AlQahtani NS. Assessment of the impact of stress and anxiety on pain perception in patients undergoing surgery for placement of their first dental implant. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2014;13(2):464–8.
Carr DB, Goudas LC. Acute pain. Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2051–8.
Leykin Y, Pellis T, Ambrosio C. Highlights in postoperative pain treatment. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007;7(5):533–45.
Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, et al. Management of Postoperative Pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American pain society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' committee on regional anesthesia, executive committee, and administrative council. J Pain. 2016;17(2):131–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.12.008.
Glowacki D. Effective pain management and improvements in patients' outcomes and satisfaction. Crit Care Nurse. 2015;35(3):33–41. https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2015440.
Vadivelu N, Mitra S, Narayan D. Recent advances in postoperative pain management. Yale J Biol Med. 2010;83(1):11–25.
Ip HY, Abrishami A, Peng PW, Wong J, Chung F. Predictors of postoperative pain and analgesic consumption: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology. 2009;111:657–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181aae87a.
Nishizawa D, Fukuda K, Kasai S, Al e. Genome-wide association study identifies a potent locus associated with human opioid sensitivity. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(1):55–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.164.
Yoshida K, Nishizawa D, Ichinomiya T, Ichinohe T, Hayashida M, Fukuda K, Ikeda K. Prediction formulas for individual opioid analgesic requirements based on genetic polymorphism analyses. PLoS One. 2015;10(1):e0116885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116885.
Fukuda K, Hayashida M, Ide S, Saita N, Kokita Y, Kasai S, Nishizawa D, Ogai Y, Hasegawa J, Nagashima M, Tagami M, Komatsu H, Sora I, Koga H, Kaneko Y, Ikeda K. Association between OPRM1 gene polymorphisms and fentanyl sensitivity in patients undergoing painful cosmetic surgery. Pain. 2009;147(1–3):194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2009.09.004.
Kelly DJ, Ahmad M, Brull SJ. Preemptive analgesia I: physiological pathways and pharmacological modalities. Can J Anaesth. 2001;48(10):1000–10.
Woolf CJ, Chong MS. Preemptive analgesia—treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:362.
Campbell WI, Kendrick RW, Ramsay-Baggs P, McCaughey W. The effect of pre-operative administration of bupivacaine compared with its postoperative use. Anaesthesia. 1997;52(12):1212–6.
Campbell WI, Kendrick RW. Pre-emptive analgesia using local anaesthesia: a study in bilaterally symmetrical surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1997;79:657–9.
Campbell WI, Kendrick RW, Fee JP. Balanced pre-emptive analgesia: does it work? A double-blind, controlled study in bilaterally symmetrical oral surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1998;81:727.
Bridgman JB, Gillgrass TG, Zacharias M. The absence of any pre-emptive analgesic effect for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;34:428.
Lebrun T, Van Elstraete AC, Sandefo I, et al. Lack of a pre-emptive effect of low-dose ketamine on postoperative pain following oral surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2006;53:146.
Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965;150:971.
Kissin I. Preemptive analgesia. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1138.
Eriksson L, Tegelberg A. Analgesic efficacy and clinical acceptability of adjunct pre-emptive intravenous tramadol in midazolam sedation for third molar surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;17:193.
Eriksson LB, Tegelberg Å. Safety of adjunct pre-emptive intravenous tramadol with midazolam sedation for third molar surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;19(4):353–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-015-0502-9.
Pandit MK, Godhi S, Lall AB. Preoperative intravenous tramadol versus diclofenac for preventing postoperative pain after third molar surgery: a comparative study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2011;10(4):306–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-011-0250-9.
Shah AV, Arun Kumar KV, Rai KK, Rajesh Kumar BP. Comparative evaluation of pre-emptive analgesic efficacy of intramuscular ketorolac versus tramadol following third molar surgery. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2013;12(2):197–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-012-0420-4.
Shah AV, Arun Kumar KV, Rai KK, Rajesh Kumar BP. Comparative evaluation of pre-emptive analgesic efficacy of intramuscular ketorolac versus tramadol following third molar surgery. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2013;12(2):197–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-012-0420-4.
Gopalraju P, Lalitha RM, Prasad K, Ranganath K. Comparative study of intravenous tramadol versus ketorolac for preventing postoperative pain after third molar surgery--a prospective randomized study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2014;42(5):629–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2013.09.004.
Lustenberger FD, Grätz KW, Mutzbauer TS. Efficacy of ibuprofen versus lornoxicam after third molar surgery: a randomized, double-blind, crossover pilot study. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;15(1):57–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-010-0255-4.
Lau SL, Chow RL, Yeung RW, Samman N. Pre-emptive ibuprofen arginate in third molar surgery: a double-blind randomized controlled crossover clinical trial. Aust Dent J. 2009;54(4):355–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01162.x.
Morse Z, Tump A, Kevelham E. Ibuprofen as a pre-emptive analgesic is as effective as rofecoxib for mandibular third molar surgery. Odontology. 2006;94(1):59–63.
Costa FW, Soares EC, Esses DF, Silva PG, Bezerra TP, Scarparo HC, Ribeiro TR, Fonteles CS. A split-mouth, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled study to analyze the pre-emptive effect of etoricoxib 120 mg on inflammatory events following removal of unerupted mandibular third molars. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;44(9):1166–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.06.012.
Al-Sukhun J, Al-Sukhun S, Penttila H, et al. Preemptive analgesic effect of low doses of celecoxib is superior to low doses of traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23:526.
Cillo JE Jr, Dattilo DJ. Pre-emptive analgesia with pregabalin and celecoxib decreases postsurgical pain following maxillomandibular advancement surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(10):1909–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2014.05.014.
Gopalraju P, Lalitha RM, Prasad K, Ranganath K. Comparative study of intravenous tramadol versus ketorolac for preventing postoperative pain after third molar surgery--a prospective randomized study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2014;42(5):629–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2013.09.004.
Pozos-Guillen A, Martinez-Rider R, Aguirre-Banuelos P, Perez-Urizar J. Pre-emptive analgesic effect of tramadol after mandibular third molar extraction: a pilot study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65(7):1315–20.
da Costa Arajo FA, de Santana ST, de Morais HH, Laureano Filho JR, de Oliveira E Silva ED, Vasconcellos RJ. Comparative analysis of preemptive analgesic effect of tramadol chlorhydrate and nimesulide following third molar surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2012;40(8):e346–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2012.01.018.
Isiordia-Espinoza MA, Sanchez-Prieto M, Tobas F, Reyes-Garcia JG, Granados-Soto V. Pre-emptive analgesia with the combination of tramadol plus meloxicam for third molar surgery: a pilot study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;50(7):673–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2011.12.003.
Sener M, Ozgur Pektas Z, Yilmaz I, Turkoz A, Uckan S, Donmez A, Arslan G. Comparison of preemptive analgesic effects of a single dose of nonopioid analgesics for pain management after ambulatory surgery: a prospective, randomized, single-blind study in Turkish patients. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2005;66(6):541–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2005.12.001.
Ahiskalioglu A, Ance A, Aksoy M, Yalcin E, Ahiskalioglu EO, Kilinc A. Effects of a single-dose of pre-Emptive Pregabalin on postoperative pain and opioid consumption after double-jaw surgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;74(1):53.e1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2015.09.008.
Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Wiffen PJ. Single dose oral analgesics for acute postoperative pain in adults-an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD008659. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008659.pub3.
Dionne RA. Additive analgesic effects of oxycodone and ibuprofen in the oral surgery model. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57(6):673–8.
Mehlisch DR, Sollecito WA, Helfrick LF. Multicenter clinical trial of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in the treatment of postoperative dental pain. J Am Dent Assoc. 1990;121:257.
Kehlet H, Dahl JB. The value of “multimodal” or “balanced analgesia” in postoperative pain treatment. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:1048.
Ma CSJ, Lin D. Patient controlled analgesia: drug options infusion schedules and other considerations. Hosp Formul. 1991;26:198.
Miller RD. Anesthesia. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1990.
Geha H, Nimeskern N, Beziat JL. Patient-controlled analgesia in orthognathic surgery: evaluation of the relationship to anxiety and anxiolytics. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108(3):e33–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.05.027.
Precious DS, Multari J, Finley GA, McGrath P. A comparison of patient-controlled and fixed schedule analgesia after orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;55(1):33–9.
Hepso HU, Lokken P, Bjornson J, Godan HC. Double-blind crossover study of the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on bleeding and post-operative course after bilateral oral surgery. J Clin Pharmacol. 1976;10:217–25.
Skelbred J, Lokken P. Acetylsalicylic acid vs. paracetamol, effects on post-operative course. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1977;12:257–69.
Moore PA, Crout RJ, Jackson DL, Schneider LG, Graves RW, Bakos L. Tramadol hydrochloride: analgesic efficacy compared with codeine, aspirin with codeine, and placebo after dental extraction. J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;38(6):554–60.
Moore PA, Nahouraii HS, Zovko JG, Wisniewski SR. Dental therapeutic practice patterns in the U.S. II. Analgesics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. Gen Dent. 2006;54(3):201–7.
Aznar-Arasa L, Harutunian K, Figueiredo R, Valmaseda-Castellon E, Gay-Escoda C. Effect of preoperative ibuprofen on pain and swelling after lower third molar removal: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;41(8):1005–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2011.12.028.
Bailey E, Worthington HV, van Wijk A, Yates JM, Coulthard P, Afzal Z. Ibuprofen and/or paracetamol (acetaminophen) for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD004624. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004624.pub2.
Bailey E, Worthington H, Coulthard P. Ibuprofen and/or paracetamol (acetaminophen) for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth, a Cochrane systematic review. Br Dent J. 2014;216(8):451–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.330.
Ferraiolo DM, Veitz-Keenan A. Ibuprofen is superior to paracetamol for pain relief following third molar removal. Evid Based Dent. 2014;15(4):106–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6401059.
Au AH, Choi SW, Cheung CW, Leung YY. The efficacy and clinical safety of various analgesic combinations for post-operative pain after third molar surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0127611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127611.
Litkowski LJ, Christensen SE, Adamson DN, Van Dyke T, Han SH, Newman KB. Analgesic efficacy and tolerability of oxycodone 5 mg/ibuprofen 400 mg compared with those of oxycodone 5 mg/acetaminophen 325 mg and hydrocodone 7.5 mg/acetaminophen 500 mg in patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, parallel-group study in a dental pain model. Clin Ther. 2005;27(4):418–29.
Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Single dose oral ibuprofen plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;24(6):CD010210. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010210.pub2.
Moore PA, Hersh EV. Combining ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute pain management after third-molar extractions: translating clinical research to dental practice. J Am Dent Assoc. 2013;144(8):898–908.
Sisk AL, Grover BJ. A comparison of preoperative and postoperative naproxen sodium for suppression of postoperative pain. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;48(7):674–8.
Kiersch TA, Halladay SC, Koschik M. A double-blind, randomized study of naproxen sodium, ibuprofen, and placebo in postoperative dental pain. Clin Ther. 1993;15(5):845–54.
Kara IM, Polat S, Inci MF, Gamay C. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of oxaprozin and naproxen sodium after removal of impacted lower third molars: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68(5):1018–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.09.094.
Fricke J, Halladay SC, Bynum L, Francisco CA. Pain relief after dental impaction surgery using ketorolac, hydrocodone plus acetaminophen, or placebo. Clin Ther. 1993;15(3):500–9.
Gutta R, Koehn CR, James LE. Does ketorolac have a preemptive analgesic effect? A randomized, double-blind, control study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(12):2029–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2013.06.220.
Niebler G, Dayno J. Effect size comparison of ketorolac nasal spray and commonly prescribed oral combination opioids for pain relief after third molar extraction surgery. Postgrad Med. 2016;128(1):12–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2016.1126185.
Garibaldi JA, Elder MF. Evaluation of ketorolac (Toradol) with varying amounts of codeine for postoperative extraction pain control. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;31(3):276–80.
Aoki T, Ota Y, Mori Y, Otsuru M, Ota M, Kaneko A. Analgesic efficacy of celecoxib in patients after oral surgery: special reference to time to onset of analgesia and duration of analgesic effect. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;20(3):265–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-016-0565-2.
Yamashita Y, Sano N, Shimohira D, Danjo A, Goto M. A parallel-group comparison study of celecoxib with loxoprofen sodium in third mandibular molar extraction patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;43(12):1509–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2014.09.002.
Moghaddamnia AA, Nosrati K, Mehdizadeh M, Milani S, Aghvami M. A comparative study of the effect of prednisolone and Celecoxib on MMO (maximum mouth opening) and pain following removal of impacted mandibular third molars. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2013;12(2):184–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-012-0401-7.
Saito K, Kaneko A, Machii K, Ohta H, Ohkura M, Suzuki M. Efficacy and safety of additional 200-mg dose of celecoxib in adult patients with postoperative pain following extraction of impacted third mandibular molar: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study in Japan. Clin Ther. 2012;34(2):314–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.01.004.
Pilatti GL, Andr_e dos Santos F, Bianchi A, et al. The use of celecoxib and dexamethasone for the prevention and control of postoperative pain after periodontal surgery. J Periodontol. 2006;77:1809.
Ong KS, Tan JM. Preoperative intravenous tramadol versus ketorolac for preventing postoperative pain after third molar surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33(3):274–8.
Claseman TS, Foley WL, Davis RD, Morrison JW, Palmore CA, Murchison DF. A clinical evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of preoperative administration of ketorolac and dexamethasone following surgical removal of third molars. Anesth Prog. 1998;45(3):110–6.
Ong KS, Seymour RA, Chen FG, Ho VC. Preoperative ketorolac has a preemptive effect for postoperative third molar surgical pain. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33(8):771–6.
Christensen K, Daniels S, Bandy D, Ernst CC, Hamilton DA, Mermelstein FH, Wang J, Carr DB. A double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of a novel formulation of intravenous diclofenac and ketorolac for postoperative third molar extraction pain. Anesth Prog. 2011;58(2):73–81. https://doi.org/10.2344/0003-3006-58.2.73.
Gopalraju P, Lalitha RM, Prasad K, Ranganath K. Comparative study of intravenous tramadol versus ketorolac for preventing postoperative pain after third molar surgery--a prospective randomized study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2014;42(5):629–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2013.09.004.
Chin KR, Sundram H, Marcotte P. Bleeding risk with ketorolac after lumbar microdiscectomy. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2007;20(2):123–6.
Gan TJ, Candiotti K, Turan A, Buvanendran A, Philip BK, Viscusi ER, Soghomonyan S, Bergese SD, Intravenous Ibuprofen Surgical Surveillance Trial Investigational Sites. The shortened infusion time of intravenous ibuprofen, part 2: a multicenter, open-label, surgical surveillance trial to evaluate safety. Clin Ther. 2015;37(2):368–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.12.006.
Gwirtz KH, Kim HC, Nagy DJ, Young JV, Byers RS, Kovach DA, Li W. Intravenous ketorolac and subarachnoid opioid analgesia in the management of acute postoperative pain. Reg Anesth. 1995;20(5):395–401.
Houck CS, Wilder RT, McDermott JS, Sethna NF, Berde CB. Safety of intravenous ketorolac therapy in children and cost savings with a unit dosing system. J Pediatr. 1996;129(2):292–6.
Bergese SD, Candiotti K, Ayad SS, Soghomonyan S, Gan TJ, Intravenous Ibuprofen Surveillance Trial Investigational Sites. The shortened infusion time of intravenous ibuprofen part 1: a multicenter, open-label, surveillance trial to evaluate safety and efficacy. Clin Ther. 2015;37(2):360–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.12.004.
Moller PL, Juhl GI, Payen-Champenois C, Skoglund LA. Intravenous acetaminophen (paracetamol): comparable analgesic efficacy, but better local safety than its prodrug, propacetamol, for postoperative pain after third molar surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;101(1):90–6.
Southworth S, Peters J, Rock A, Pavliv L. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous ibuprofen 400 and 800 mg every 6 hours in the management of postoperative pain. Clin Ther. 2009;31(9):1922–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.08.026.
Marquez-Lara A, Hutchinson ID, Nuñez F Jr, Smith TL, Miller AN. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bone-healing: a systematic review of research quality. JBJS Rev;4(3), 2016. pii: 01874474–201603000-00005. doi:https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.RVW.O.00055.
Mutlu I, Abubaker AO, Laskin DM. Narcotic prescribing habits and other methods of pain control by oral and maxillofacial surgeons after impacted third molar removal. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71:1500.
Rosenberg M, Carroll F, Negus S. Effects of monoamine reuptake inhibitors in assays of acute pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behavior in rats. J Pain. 2013;14(3):246–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.11.006.
Scott RF. A double-blind comparison of nalbuphine and meperidine hydrochloride as intravenous analgesics in combination with diazepam for oral surgery outpatients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45(6):473–6.
Isiordia-Espinoza MA, de Jesús Pozos-Guillén A, Aragon-Martinez OH. Analgesic efficacy and safety of single-dose tramadol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in operations on the third molars: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;52(9):775–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.05.005.
Isiordia-Espinoza MA, Pozos-Guillen A, Martinez-Rider R, Perez-Urizar J. Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of oral ketorolac versus intramuscular tramadol after third molar surgery: a parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2016;21(5):e637–43.
Ong CK, Lirk P, Tan JM, Sow BW. The analgesic efficacy of intravenous versus oral tramadol for preventing postoperative pain after third molar surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63(8):1162–8.
Perez-Urizar J, MartÃnez-Rider R, Torres-Roque I, Garrocho-Rangel A, Pozos-Guillen A. Analgesic efficacy of lysine clonixinate plus tramadol versus tramadol in multiple doses following impacted third molar surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;43(3):348–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2013.08.003.
Collins M, Young I, Sweeney P, Fenn GC, Stratford ME, Wilson A, Harris M. The effect of tramadol on dento-alveolar surgical pain. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;35(1):54–8.
Hassan SS, Ahmed A, Rai M, Kalappa TM. Analgesic efficacy of tramadol and butorphanol in mandibular third molar surgery: a comparative study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2012;13(3):364–70.
Gönül O, Satilmiş T, Ciftci A, Sipahi A, Garip H, Göker K. Comparison of the effects of topical ketamine and tramadol on postoperative pain after mandibular molar extraction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(11):2103–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2015.05.012.
Pozos AJ, MartÃnez R, Aguirre P, Pérez J. Tramadol administered in a combination of routes for reducing pain after removal of an impacted mandibular third molar. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65(8):1633–9.
Medve RA, Wang J, Karim R. Tramadol and acetaminophen tablets for dental pain. Anesth Prog. 2001;48(3):79–81.
Fricke JR Jr, Karim R, Jordan D, Rosenthal N. A double-blind, single-dose comparison of the analgesic efficacy of tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets, hydrocodone/acetaminophen combination tablets, and placebo after oral surgery. Clin Ther Jun. 2002;24(6):953–68.
Ziccardi VB, Desjardins PJ, Daly-DeJoy E, Seng GF. Single-dose vicoprofen compared with acetaminophen with codeine and placebo in patients with acute postoperative pain after third molar extractions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58(6):622–8.
Forbes JA, Bates JA, Edquist IA, Burchfield WH, Smith FG, Schwartz MK, Kit V, Hyatt J, Bell WE, Beaver WT. Evaluation of two opioid-acetaminophen combinations and placebo in postoperative oral surgery pain. Pharmacotherapy. 1994;14(2):139–46.
Yagoubian B, Akkara J, Afzali P, Alfi DM, Olson L, Conell-Price J, Yeh J, Eisig SB, Flood P. Nicotine nasal spray as an adjuvant analgesic for third molar surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(5):1316–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2010.07.025.
Freda NM, Keenan AV. Moderate evidence to recommend submucosal injection of dexamethasone in reducing post-operative oedema and pain after third molar extraction. Evid Based Dent. 2016;17(2):58–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6401174.
Eshghpour M, Mortazavi H, Mohammadzadeh Rezaei N, Nejat A. Effectiveness of green tea mouthwash in postoperative pain control following surgical removal of impacted third molars: double blind randomized clinical trial. Daru. 2013;21(1):59. https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-21-59.
Olmedo-Gaya MV, Manzano-Moreno FJ, Galvez-Mateos R, González-Rodriguez MP, Talero-Sevilla C, Vallecillo-Capilla M. Oral pregabalin for postoperative pain relief after third molar extraction: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2016;20(7):1819–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-015-1657-3.
Hill CM, Balkenohl M, Thomas DW, Walker R, Mathé H, Murray G. Pregabalin in patients with postoperative dental pain. Eur J Pain. 2001;5(2):119–24.
Cheung CW, Choi WS, Leung YY, Lui F, Ng JK, Hei-Ho AM, Irwin MG. A double-blind randomized crossover study to evaluate the timing of pregabalin for third molar surgery under local anesthesia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70(1):25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.03.056.
Brkovic B, Gardasevic M, Roganovic J, Jovic N, Todorovic L, Stojic D. Lidocaine+clonidine for maxillary infiltration anaesthesia: parameters of anaesthesia and vascular effects. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37(2):149–55.
Brkovic B, Todorovic L, Stojic D. Comparison of clonidine and epinephrine in lidocaine anaesthesia for lower third molar surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;34(4):401–6.
Patil PM, Patil SP. Is clonidine an adequate alternative to epinephrine as a vasoconstrictor in patients with hypertension? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70(2):257–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.07.011.
Tuffin JR, Cunliffe DR, Shaw SR. Do local analgesics injected at the time of third molar removal under general anaesthesia reduce significantly post-operative analgesic requirements? A double-blind controlled trial. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989;27(1):27–32.
Gordon SM, Dionne RA, Brahim J, Jabir F, Dubner R. Blockade of peripheral neuronal barrage reduces postoperative pain. Pain. 1997;70:209–15.
Nayyar MS, Yates C. Bupivacaine as pre-emptive analgesia in third molar surgery: randomised controlled trial. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;44(6):501–3.
Hersh EV, Moore PA. Comment on controlling dental post-operative pain and the intraoral local delivery of drugs. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015;31(12):2185–7. https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2015.1109504.
Tordoff SG, Brossy M, Rowbotham DJ, James JN, James R, Raphael JH. The effect of pre-incisional infiltration with lignocaine on postoperative pain after molar teeth extraction under general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1996;51:585–7.
Singh K, Phillips FM, Kuo E, Campbell M. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy of postoperative continuous local anesthetic infusion at the iliac crest bone graft site after posterior spinal arthrodesis: a minimum of 4-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32(25):2790–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815b7650.
Puri R, Moskovich R, Gusmorino P, Shott S. Bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief at the iliac crest bone graft harvest site. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2000;29(6):443–6.
Hahn M, Dover MS, Whear NM, Moule I. Local bupivacaine infusion following bone graft harvest from the iliac crest. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;25(5):400–1.
Saikrishna D, Sujit S, Sheetal KR. Use of a modified epidural catheter for analgesia after iliac crest bone procurement. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2009;8(3):254–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-009-0062-3.
Sbitany H, Koltz PF, Waldman J, Girotto JA. Continuous bupivacaine infusion in iliac bone graft donor sites to minimize pain and hospitalization. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2010;47(3):293–6. https://doi.org/10.1597/09-049.1.
O'Neill KR, Lockney DT, Bible JE, Crosby CG, Devin CJ. Bupivacaine for pain reduction after iliac crest bone graft harvest. Orthopedics. 2014;37(5):e428–34. https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20140430-52.
Hoard MA, Bill TJ, Campbell RL. Reduction in morbidity after iliac crest bone harvesting: the concept of preemptive analgesia. J Craniofac Surg. 1998;9(5):448–51.
Barkhuysen R, Meijer GJ, Soehardi A, Merkx MA, Borstlap WA, Bergà SJ, Bronkhorst EM, Hoppenreijs TJ. The effect of a single dose of bupivacaine on donor site pain after anterior iliac crest bone harvesting. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39(3):260–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2009.10.015.
Gamli M, Dalgic A, Ornek D, Horasanli E, Kilci O, Un C, Dikmen B. Evaluation of the efficacy of bupivacaine soaked in Gelfoam(®) at the iliac crest bone graft site. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2012;62(6):811–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7094(12)70181-2.
Kukidome H, Matsuura N, Kasahara M, Ichinohe T. Continuous postoperative pain control using a multiple-hole catheter after iliac bone grafting: comparison between ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;45(4):454–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.09.010.
Modi M, Rastogi S, Kumar A. Buprenorphine with bupivacaine for intraoral nerve blocks to provide postoperative analgesia in outpatients after minor oral surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67(12):2571–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.07.014.
Bernard JM, Macaire P. Dose-range effects of clonidine added to lidocaine for brachial plexus block. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:277.
Moore UJ, Seymour RA, Gilroy J, Rawlins MD. The efficacy of locally applied morphine in post-operative pain after bilateral third molar surgery. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;37(3):227–30.
Dionne RA, Gordon SM, Tahara M, et al. Analgesic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen administered into a surgical site. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;39:131.
Strumper D, Durieux ME. Antidepressants as long-acting local anesthetics. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:277.
Bazin JE, Massoni C, Bruelle P. The addition of opioids to local anaesthetics in brachial plexus block: the comparative effects of morphine, buprenorphine and sufentanil. Anesthesia. 1997;52:858.
Kapral S, Gollmann G, Waltl B, et al. Tramadol added to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of an axillary brachial plexus blockade. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:853.
Robaux S, Blunt C, Viel E, et al. Tramadol added to 1.5% mepivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block improves postoperative analgesia dose-dependently. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1172.
Yue Y, Collaku A, Brown J, Buchanan WL, Reed K, Cooper SA, Otto J. Efficacy and speed of onset of pain relief of fast-dissolving paracetamol on postsurgical dental pain: two randomized, single-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies. Clin Ther. 2013;35(9):1306–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.07.422.
Moeller C, Pawlowski J, Pappas AL, Fargo K, Welch K. The safety and efficacy of intravenous ketorolac in patients undergoing primary endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2012;2(4):342–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.21028.
Van Aken H, Thys L, Veekman L, Buerkle H. Assessing analgesia in single and repeated administrations of propacetamol for postoperative pain: comparison with morphine after dental surgery. Anesth Analg. 2004;98(1):159–65.
Juhl GI, Norholt SE, Tonnesen E, Hiesse-Provost O, Jensen TS. Analgesic efficacy and safety of intravenous paracetamol (acetaminophen) administered as a 2-g starting dose following third molar surgery. Eur J Pain. 2006;10(4):371–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cillo, J.E. (2018). Peri-Operative Pain Management in Maxillofacial Surgery. In: Ferneini, E., Bennett, J. (eds) Perioperative Assessment of the Maxillofacial Surgery Patient. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58868-1_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58868-1_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58867-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58868-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)