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Acute Heart Failure pp 81–162Cite as

Acute Heart Failure Syndromes

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Abstract

As yet, no definition of heart failure is universally accepted, however, heart failure may be defined as “the inability of the heart to supply the bodies’ tissues sufficiently and suitably with blood meeting their metabolic demand or do so only at the cost of elevated filling pressures” [1–3].

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are subsequently associated with “functional” NO deficiency: Due to a chemical reaction between NO and ROS in case of augmented levels of ROS, NO is utilized. Furthermore, peroxynitrate is formed, a toxic reactive molecule [200], which is also involved in cardiovascular pathology [201].

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    Wolfgang Krüger

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Krüger, W. (2017). Acute Heart Failure Syndromes. In: Acute Heart Failure. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54973-6_2

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