Abstract
A National Qualifications framework (NQF) is an important policy tool needed to achieve higher levels of transparency and permeability between academic and vocational pillars in education and training system. The NQF helps to guarantee the quality of education and training programs based on learning outcomes approaches. In this chapter, the feasibility and challenges of a NQF in Japan is explored based on the comparisons of NQF development in Anglophone countries as early starters of domestic interests, in second generation of Continental European countries that required international currency with European Qualifications Framework (EQF), and in East Asian countries with culturally unique traditions. The following elements related to NQF are considered: the societal contexts, the policy development, and the future challenges. The level descriptors have become more common in many NQFs as influenced by EQF approaches, covering both vocational and academic tracks vertically and horizontally. Thus, the NQF approach may have a powerful influence toward a globalization of education and training. It is questioned what are the current challenges and how countries are reforming the education and training system. In Japan, at the initial education phase, there are diversified qualifications and sectors in tertiary education system. As like the other East Asian countries, under the “academic credentialism,” education programs tend to be more diversified and hierarchically recognized, rather than transparent with certain standardization. At the further training phase, labor policies have been stimulating a shift from firm-specific certifications to those more standardized by industries. The further challenge is how to tune such the occupational certifications toward education and training programs by the field of industries and by the field of education.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allais, Stephanie, David Raffe, Rob Strathdee, Leesa Wheelahan and Michael Young. 2009. Learning from the first qualifications. Employment working paper no. 45. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---ifp_skills/documents/publication/wcm_041902.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2017.
Bateman, Andrea. 2016. Qualifications framework: National and regional with a focus on Australia and ASEAN. In Dual-track development of tertiary education and relevance of national qualifications frameworks, Report on global consortium for the development of core specialist human resources (EQGC report series) no. 12, ed. Keiichi Yoshimoto, 137–145. Fukuoka: Kyushu University.
Brown, Phillip, and Hugh Lauder. 1991. Education, economy and social change. International Studies in Sociology of Education 1:1–2, 3–23.
Cabinet Office. 2016. Jissennteki kyaria senryaku; Kyaria dan-i seido (Career Grade System, under the Practical Career Support Policy measures). http://www5.cao.go.jp/keizai1/jissen-cu/jissen-cu.html. Accessed 10 Apr 2017. (in Japanese).
CEDEFOP. 2015. National qualifications frameworks development in Europe. https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/4137_en.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2017.
Doolette, Anne. 2014. Credibility of Australian qualifications framework. In Non-university higher education and qualifications framework – Report on the international workshop, EQ working paper series no.1, ed. Keiichi Yoshimoto, 90–99. Fukuoka: Kyushu University. (in English and Japanese).
Dore, Ronald. 1976. The diploma disease. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dunkel, Torsten and Isabelle le Mouillour. 2013. Berufsausbildung auf dem höchsten Niveau – europäische Erfahrungen (Vocational training on the highest level – European experiences). In Akademisierung der Berufswelt? (Academization of the world of occupations?), ed. Eckart Seveline and Ulrich Teichler, 143–167. Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag. (in German).
ETF. 2013. Global national qualifications frameworks inventory. http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications-and-resources/publications/2211. Accessed 10 Apr 2017.
Goda, Takafumi. 2014. Nihon no Seichou bunya niokeru chuukakuteki sennmon jinnzai yousei (Japanese vocational education of middle-level professionals in targeted growth fields). In Non-university higher education and qualifications framework – Report on the international workshop, EQ working paper series no.1, ed. Keiichi Yoshimoto, 45–49. Fukuoka: Kyushu University. (in English and Japanese).
Gonzalez, Julia, and Robert Wagenaar, eds. 2008. Tuning educational structures in Europe universities’ contribution to the Bologna Process: An introduction. 2nd ed. University of Deusto. Trans. Satoko Fukahori and Toru Takenaka. 2012. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten. (in Japanese).
ILO. 2007. An introductory guide to national qualifications frameworks: Conceptual and practical issues for policy makers. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/@ifp_skills/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_103623.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2017.
Japan Federation of Employers’ Associations. 1995. Shinjidai no Nihonnteki Keiei (The new age of Japanese management). Tokyo: Japan Federation of Employers’ Association. (in Japanese).
Japan Vocational Ability Development Association (JAVADA). 2016. Shokugyou nouryoku hyouka kijun (Vocational capability evaluation standard.) https://www.hyouka.javada.or.jp/. Accessed 10 Apr 2017.
Koike, Kazuo. 1997. Human resource management. Tokyo: Japan Institute of Labour.
Le Mouillour, Isabelle. 2014. German qualification framework, a specific approach to permeability?. In Non-university higher education and qualifications framework – Report on the international workshop, EQ working paper series no.1, ed. Keiichi Yoshimoto, 107–117. Fukuoka: Kyushu University. (in English and Japanese).
Lee, Dong-Im. 2016. The NQF establishing progress and key issues in Korea. In Dual-track development of tertiary education and relevance of national qualifications frameworks, Report on global consortium for the development of core specialist human resources (EQGC report series) no. 12, ed. Keeichi Yoshimoto, 169–197. Fukuoka: Kyushu University.
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 2014. Report on significance of vocational ability evaluation and policy directions for labour market policy. Tokyo: MHLW. (In Japanese).
OECD. 2000. From initial education to working Life – making transitions work. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2004. The role of national qualifications systems in promoting lifelong learning. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2007. Qualifications systems: Bridges to lifelong learning. Paris: OECD.
Quality and Qualifications Ireland. 2017. National framework for qualifications. http://www.qqi.ie/Articles/Pages/National-Framework-of-Qualifications-(NFQ).aspx. Accessed 10 Apr 2017.
Raffe, David. 2013. What is the evidence for the impact of national qualifications frameworks? Comparative Education 49 (2): 143–162.
Raffe, David. 2014. Introducing a national qualifications framework: Concepts and issues arising from the international experience. In Higher education and qualifications framework – Report on the international workshop, EQ working paper series no.1, ed. Keiichi Yoshimoto, 73–79. Fukuoka: Kyushu University. (in English and Japanese).
Raffe, David, Karen Brannen, Linda Croxford, and Chris Martin. 1999. Comparing England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: The case for ‘home internationals’ in comparative research. Comparative Education 35 (1): 9–25.
Serban, Madlen. 2012. Qualifications frameworks: Possible tools for (vocational) education and training reforms – Based on ETF’s experiences. In Proceedings ASEM symposium on technical and vocational education and training.
UIL, ETF and CEDEFOP. 2015. Global inventory of regional and national qualifications framework – Volume I: Thematic chapters. http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications-and-resources/publications/2213. Accessed 10 Apr 2017.
UNESCO. 2015. Recommendation concerning technical and vocational education and training (TVET). http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=49355&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Accessed 10 Apr 2017.
Werquin, Patrick. 2007. Moving mountains: Will qualifications systems promote lifelong learning. European Journal of Education 42 (4): 459–484.
WIP Japan. 2013. Asia syokoku niokeru sikakuwakugumi to syokugyoukyouiku ni kansuru chousa kenkyuu (Research study on qualifications framework and vocational education in Asian countries). Commissioned research report for the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Tokyo: MEXT (in Japanese).
Yoshimoto, Keiichi. 2003. Sukottolando ni okeru tanki koutoukyouiku wo fukumeta sikakuseido to tayouna gakusyuukeiro no sekkei (Designing pathways and qualification framework focusing on short cycle higher education in Scotland). Research in Academic Degree 17: 51–68. (in Japanese).
Yoshimoto, Keiichi, ed. 2014a. Non-university higher education and qualifications framework – Report on the international workshop, EQ working paper series no.1. Fukuoka: Kyushu University. (in English and Japanese).
Yoshimoto, Keiichi, ed. 2014b. Japanese mode of tertiary education and globalisation: Qualifications framework and quality assurance, Report on global consortium for the development of core specialist human resources (EQGC Report Series) no. 5. Fukuoka: Kyushu University.
Yoshimoto, Keiichi. 2016a. Reconstruction of qualifications system on education, training and occupations in Japan. In Dual-track development of tertiary education and relevance of national qualifications frameworks, Report on global consortium for the development of core specialist human resources (EQGC report series) no. 12, ed. Keiichi Yoshimoto, 45–72. Fukuoka: Kyushu University.
Yoshimoto, Keiichi, ed. 2016b. Dual-track development of tertiary education and relevance of national qualifications frameworks, Report on global consortium for the development of core specialist human resources (EQGC report series) no. 12. Fukuoka: Kyushu University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Yoshimoto, K. (2018). Feasibility and Challenges on a National Qualifications Framework and Permeability in Education and Training System in Japan. In: Latiner Raby, R., Valeau, E. (eds) Handbook of Comparative Studies on Community Colleges and Global Counterparts. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50911-2_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50911-2_32
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50910-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50911-2
eBook Packages: EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education