Abstract
Pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) and related pulmonary hypertension (PH) contribute significantly to the pathogenesis, cardiorespiratory morbidities, and poor outcomes in preterm infants with BPD. Past studies have shown that persistent echocardiogram evidence of PH beyond the first few months of life is associated with up to 40 % mortality in infants with BPD. The association of PH with poor survival in BPD has continued into the recent era of the “new BPD,” especially in infants with severe disease who require prolonged support with mechanical ventilation. More recent studies have shown that adverse antenatal or early postnatal stimuli impair pulmonary vascular development and function, leading to disruption of angiogenesis and distal lung airspace growth. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of PH in infants with established BPD have recently been published by a consensus committee; however, clinical care remains controversial due to the lack of strong evidence-based data. Overall, understanding the pathogenesis and pathobiology of early PVD in BPD continues as an important challenge and may help to improve early and late cardiopulmonary outcomes after preterm birth. Future large-scale studies of interventions for the treatment of PH in established BPD are needed. In addition, strategies that specifically target the preservation of endothelial survival and function may also lead to novel approaches for the prevention of BPD and late PH.
Funding Source
This work was supported in part by grants from the NHLBI HL085703 (S.H.A.), HL068702 (S.H.A.), and U01 HL102235 (S.H.A.). The author has no conflicts of interest with this work, but has received grant funding from Shire Pharmaceuticals for laboratory research
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Northway WH, Rosan RC, Porter DY. Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline membrane disease. Bronchopulonary dysplasia. N Engl J Med. 1967;276:357–68.
Jobe AH, Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1723–9.
Jobe AH. The new BPD: an arrest of lung development. Pediatr Res. 1999;46:641–3.
Baraldi E, Filippone M. Chronic lung disease after premature birth. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(19):1946–55.
Hussain AN, Siddiqui NH, Stocker JT. Pathology of arrested acinar development in postsurfactant BPD. Hum Pathol. 1998;29:710–7.
McEvoy C, Jain L, Schmidt B, Abman SH, Bancalari E, Aschner J. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: NHLBI Workshop on the Primary Prevention of Chronic Lung Diseases. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;Suppl 3:S146–53.
Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, et al. Trends in care practices, morbidity and mortality of extremely preterm neonates. JAMA. 2015;314:1039–51.
Wong PM, Lees AN, Louw J, et al. Emphysema in young adult survivors of moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(2):321–8.
Hislop AA, Haworth SG. Pulmonary vascular damage and the development of cor pulmonale following hyaline membrane disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1990;9:152–161.
Bush A, Busst CM, Knight WB, Hislop AA, Haworth SG, Shinebourne EA. Changes in the pulmonary circulation in BPD. Arch Dis Child. 1990;65:739–45.
Fouron JC, Le Guennec JC, Villemant D, et al. Value of echocardiography in assessing the outcome of bronchopulmonary dysplasia of the newborn. Pediatrics. 1980;65(3):529–35.
Abman SH. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease of infancy. Pathogenesis, pathophysiology and treatment. In: Bland RD, Coalson JJ, editors. Chronic lung disease of infancy. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2000. p. 619–68.
Mourani PM, Sontag MK, Younoszai A, Miller JI, Kinsella JP, Baker CD, Poindexter BB, Ingram DA, Abman SH. Early pulmonary vascular disease in preterm infants at risk for BPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:87–95.
Mirza H, Ziegler J, Ford S, Padbury J, Tucker R, Laptook A. Pulmonary hypertension in preterm infants: prevalence and association with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 2014;165(5):909–14.e1.
Khemani E, McElhinney DB, Rhein L, et al. Pulmonary artery hypertension in formerly premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: clinical features and outcomes in the surfactant era. Pediatrics. 2007;120(6):1260–9.
Abman SH, Hansmann G, Archer S, et al. American Heart Association and American Thoracic Society Joint Guidelines for Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension. Circulation. 2015;132:2037–99.
Stenmark KR, Abman SH. Lung vascular development: implications for the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Annu Rev Physiol. 2005;67:623–61.
Thebaud B, Abman SH. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: where have all the vessels gone? Roles of angiogenic growth factors in chronic lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(10):978–85.
Bhatt AJ, Pryhuber GS, Huyck H, et al. Disrupted pulmonary vasculature and decreased VEGF, flt-1, and Tie 2 in human infants dying with BPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;164:1971–80.
Lassus P, Turanlahti M, Heikkila P, et al. Pulmonary vascular endothelial growth factor and Flt-1 in fetuses, in acute and chronic lung disease, and in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(10 Pt 1):1981–7.
De Paepe ME, Mao Q, Powell J, et al. Growth of pulmonary microvasculature in ventilated preterm infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(2):204–11.
Mourani PM, Abman SH. Pulmonary vascular disease in BPD: physiology, diagnosis and treatment. In: Abman SH, editor. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. New York: Informa; 2010. p. 347–63.
Jakkula M, Le Cras TD, Gebb S, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis decreases alveolarization in the developing rat lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2000;279:L600–7.
Abman SH. BPD: a vascular hypothesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1755–6.
Abman SH. Impaired vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in the pathogenesis of neonatal pulmonary vascular disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;661:323–35.
Balinotti JE, Chakr VC, Tiller C, et al. Growth of lung parenchyma in infants and toddlers with chronic lung disease of infancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(10):1093–7.
Hansen AR, Barnes CM, Folkman J, McElrath TF. Maternal preeclampsia predicts the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 2010;156(4):532–6.
Foidart JM, Schaaps JP, Chantraine F, Munaut C, Lorquet S. Dysregulation of anti-angiogenic agents (sFlt-1, PLGF, and sEndoglin) in preeclampsia – a step forward but not the definitive answer. J Reprod Immunol. 2009;82(2):106–11.
Tang JR, Karumanchi SA, Seedorf G, Markham N, Abman SH. Excess soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in amniotic fluid impairs lung growth in rats: linking preeclampsia with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2012;302(1):L36–46.
Li F, Hagaman JR, Kim HS, et al. eNOS deficiency acts through endothelin to aggravate sFlt-1-induced pre-eclampsia-like phenotype. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(4):652–60.
Rozance PJ, Seedorf GJ, Brown A, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction decreases pulmonary alveolar and vessel growth and causes pulmonary artery endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2011;301(6):L860–71.
Check J, Gotteiner N, Liu X, et al. Fetal growth restriction and pulmonary hypertension in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Perinatol. 2013;33:553–7.
Evans NJ, Archer LNJ. Doppler assessment of pulmonary artery pressure during recovery from hyaline membrane disease. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66:802–4.
Subhedar NV, Shaw NJ. Changes in pulmonary arterial pressure in preterm infants with chronic lung disease. Arch Dis Child. 2000;82:F243–7.
Czernik C, Rhode S, Metze B, Schmalisch G, Buhrer C. Persistently elevated right ventricular index of myocardial performance in preterm infants with incipient bronchopulmonary dysplasia. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38352.
Skinner JR, Boys RJ, Hunter S, Hey EN. Pulmonary and systemic arterial pressure in hyaline membrane disease. Arch Dis Child. 1992;67(4 Spec No):366–73.
Abman SH, Wolfe RR, Accurso FJ, Koops BL, Wiggins JW. Pulmonary vascular response to to oxygen in infants with severe BPD. Pediatrics. 1985;75:80–4.
Mourani P, Ivy DD, Gao D, Abman SH. Pulmonary vascular effects of inhaled NO and oxygen tension in older children and adolescents with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:1006–13.
Galambos C, Sims-Lucas S, Abman SH. Histologic evidence of intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunt vessels in premature infants with severe bpd. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013;10:474–81.
Abman SH, Schaffer MS, Wiggins JW, et al. Pulmonary vascular extraction of circulating norepinephrine in infants with BPD. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1987;3:386–91.
An HS, Bae EJ, Kim GB, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in preterm infants with BPD. Korean Circ J. 2010;40:131–6.
Slaughter JR, Pakradhi T, Lones DE et al. Echocardiographic detection of pulmonary hypertension in extremely low birth weight infants with BPD requiring prolonged positive pressure ventilation. J Perinatol. 2011;31:1–6.
Currie PJ, Seward JB, Chan KL, et al. Continuous wave Doppler determination of right ventricular pressure: a simultaneous Doppler-catheterization study in 127 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;6(4):750–6.
Mourani PM, Sontag MK, Younoszai A, et al. Clinical utility of echocardiography for the diagnosis and management of pulmonary vascular disease in young children with chronic lung disease. Pediatrics. 2008;121(2):317.
Drossner DM, Kim DW, Maher KO, et al. Pulmonary vein stenosis: prematurity and associated conditions. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e656–61.
Mourani PM, Fagan T, Ivy DD, Rosenberg A, Abman SH. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 2008;152:291–3.
Del Cerro MJ, Sabate-Rotes A, Carton A, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in BPD: clinical findings, cardiovascular abnormalities and outcomes. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014;49:49–59.
Banks BA, Seri I, Ischiropoulos H, et al. Changes in oxygenation with inhaled nitric oxide in severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics. 1999;103(3):610–8.
Baquero H, Soliz A, Neira F, et al. Oral sildenafil in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a pilot randomized blinded study. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):1077–83.
Humpl T, Reyes JT, Holtby H, et al. Beneficial effect of oral sildenafil therapy on childhood pulmonary arterial hypertension: twelve-month clinical trial of a single-drug, open-label, pilot study. Circulation. 2005;111(24):3274–80.
Mourani PM, Sontag MK, Lui G, et al. Effects of long-term sildenafil treatment for pulmonary hypertension in infants with chronic lung disease. J Pediatr. 2008;121:317–25.
Rosenzweig EB, Ivy DD, Widlitz A, et al. Effects of long-term bosentan in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(4):697–704.
Brownlee JR, Beekman RH, Rosenthal A. Acute hemodynamic effects of nifedipine in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Res. 1988;24(2):186–90.
Johnson CE, Beekman RH, Kostyshak DA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nifedipine in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Res. 1991;29(5):500–3.
Ferdman DJ, Rosenzweig EB, Zuckerman WA, Krishnan U. Subcutaneous treprostinil for pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease of infancy. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e274–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Abman, S.H. (2017). Pulmonary Hypertension in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. In: Hibbs, A., Muhlebach , M. (eds) Respiratory Outcomes in Preterm Infants. Respiratory Medicine. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48835-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48835-6_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48834-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48835-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)