Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pathophysiology and Treatment of Multiloculated Hydrocephalus

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Pediatric Hydrocephalus

Abstract

The presence of compartmentalization inside the ventricular system makes the management of hydrocephalus very challenging. Although several therapeutical options include multiple shunts insertion, stereotactic aspiration, puncture of membrane with multiperforated catheter, and microsurgical or endoscopic fenestration, multiloculated hydrocephalus still remains associated with poor outcome. On the basis of the site of obstruction(s) and the subsequent accumulation of fluid, the anatomic and radiographic appearance of multiloculated hydrocephalus is variable and can be classified as follows: (1) Multiple intraventricular septations; (2) Isolated lateral ventricle/Unilateral hydrocephalus; (3) Entrapped temporal horn; (4) Isolated fourth ventricle; and (5) Expanding cavum septi pellucidi (CSP)/cavum Vergae (CV). In this chapter, we discuss patients affected by loculated hydrocephalus (uni- or multi-) that are joined by the same etiological and pathogenetic entity (ventriculitis), despite different radiographic forms. The only exceptions are patients with unilateral hydrocephalus secondary to congenital atresia of the foramen of Monro and patients with expanding cavum septum pellucidum that have different etiology, but are traditionally included in the discussion of multiloculated hydrocephalus.

G. Carannante: retired.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akbari SH, Holekamp TF, Murphy TM, Mercer D, Leonard JR, Smyth MD, Park TS, Limbrick DD Jr (2015) Surgical management of complex multiloculated hydrocephalus in infants and children. Childs Nerv Syst 31:243–249

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albanese V, Tomasello F, Sampaolo S (1981) Multiloculated hydrocephalus in infants. Neurosurgery 8:641–646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aleman J, Jokura H, Higano S (2001) Value of constructive interference in steady-state, three dimensional, Fourier transformation magnetic resonance imaging for the neuroendoscopic treatment of hydrocephalus and intracranial cysts. Neurosurgery 48:1291–1296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen M, Juhler M (2012) Multiloculated hydrocephalus a review of current problems in classification and treatment. Childs Nerv Syst 28:357–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armbruster L, Kunz M, Ertl-Wagner B, Tonn JC, Peraud A (2012) Microsurgical outlet restoration in isolated fourth ventricular hydrocephalus: a single-institutional experience. Childs Nerv Syst 28:2101–2107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balmer B, Bernays RL, Kollias SS (2002) Interventional MRI-guided neuroendoscopy: a new therapeutical option for children. J Pediatr Surg 37:668–672

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman B, Dannon L, Weitz R (1982) Unilateral hydrocephalus due to the obstruction of the foramen of Monro: another complication of intrauterine mumps infection? Eur J Pediatr 139:158–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behrens P, Ostertag CB (1993) Stereotactic management of congenital midline cysts. Acta Neurochir 123:141–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger MS, Sundsten J, Lemire RJ (1990) Pathophysiology of isolated lateral ventriculomegaly in shunted myelodysplastic children. Pediatr Neurosurg 16:301–304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berman PH, Bamker BQ (1966) Neonatal meningitis. A clinical and pathological study. Pediatrics 38:6–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blom R, Witt N, Johnson ES (1986) Demonstration of a symptomatic intraventricular cyst using direct intraventricular metrizamide instillation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 7:1093–1095

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borha A, Ponte K, Emery E (2012) Cavum septum pellucidum cyst in children: a case-based update. Childs Nerv Syst 28:813–819

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bot GM, Constantini S, Roth J (2015) Conservative treatment of cysts of the cavum septum pellucidum presenting in childhood: report of 3 cases. J Neurosurg Pediatr 16:283–286

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breeze RE, McComb JG, Hyman S (1989) CSF production in acute ventriculitis. J Neurosurg 70:619–622

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown LW, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1979) Polycystic brain disease complicating neonatal meningitis: documentation of evolution by computed tomography. J Pediatr 94:757–759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns H, Daniel P, Johnson RT et al (1941) Localyzed hydrocephalus following penetrating wounds of the ventricle. Br J Surg War Surg Suppl 1:187–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron AH (1957) The Arnold-Chiari and other neuro-anatomical malformations associated with spina bifida. J Pathol Bact 73:195–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cinalli G, Spennato P, Savarese L, Ruggiero C, Aliberti F, Cuomo L et al (2006) Endoscopic aqueductoplasty and placement of a stent in the cerebral aqueduct in the management of isolated fourth ventricle in children. J Neurosurg 104(1 Suppl):21–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cipri S, Gambardella G (2001) Neuroendoscopic approach to complex hydrocephalus. Personal experience and preliminary report. J Neurosurg Sci 45:92–96

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collada M, Kott J, Kline DG (1981) Documetation of fourth ventricle entrapment by metrizamide ventriculography with CT scanning. J Neurosurg 55:838–840

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czervionke LF, Daniels DL, Meyer GA et al (1987) Neuroepithelial cysts of the lateral ventricles: MR appearance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 8:609–613

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dandy WE (1931) Congenital cerebral cysts of the cavum septi pellucidi (fifth ventricle) and cavum Vergae (sixth ventricle). Diagnosis and treatment. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 25:44–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinçer A, Özek MM (2011) Radiologic evaluation of pediatric hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 27:1543–1562

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dollo C, Kanner A, Siomin V (2001) Outlet fenestration for isolated fourth ventricle with and without an internal shunt. Childs Nerv Syst 17:483–486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Domingo Z, Peter J (1996) Midline developmental abnormalities of the posterior fossa: correlation of classification with outcome. Pediatr Neurosurg 24:111–118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donauer E, Moringlane JR, Ostertag CB (1986) Cavum vergae cyst as a cause of hydrocephalus, “almost forgotten”? Successful stereotactic treatment. Acta Neurochir 83:12–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drake JM, Kulkarni AV (1993) Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Neurosurg Q 3:283–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Eder HG, Leber KA, Gruber W (1997) Complications after shunting isolated fourth ventricle. Childs Nerv Syst 13:13–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Ghandour NMF (2008) Endoscopic cyst fenestration in the treatment of multiloculated hydrocephalus in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 1:217–222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Ghandour NMF (2013) Endoscopic cyst fenestration in the treatment of uniloculated hydrocephalus in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 11:402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eller TW, Pasternak JF (1985) Isolated ventricles following intraventricular hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 62:357–362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foltz EL, DeFeo DR (1980) Double compartment hydrocephalus – a new clinical entity. Neurosurgery 7:551–559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fritsch MJ, Kienke S, Manwaring KH, Mehdorn HM (2004) Endoscopic aqueductoplasty and interventriculostomy for the treatment of isolated fourth ventricle in children. Neurosurgery 55(2):372–377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gandhoke GS, Frassanito P, Chandra N, Ojha BK, Singh A (2013) Role of magnetic resonance ventriculography in multiloculated hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 11:697–703

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gangemi M, Maiuri F, Donati PA et al (1999) Endoscopic surgery for monoventricular hyrocephalus. Surg Neurol 52:246–251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gangemi M, Maiuri F, Cappabianca P et al (2002) Endoscopic fenestration of symptomatic septum pellucidum cysts: three case reports with discussion on the approaches and technique. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 45:105–108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giussani C, Fiori L, Trezza A, Riva M, Sganzerla EP (2011) Cavum Veli Interpositi: just an anatomical variant or a potentially symptomatic CSF compartmentalization? Pediatr Neurosurg 47:364–368

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins JC III, Hoffman HJ, Humphreys RP (1978) Isolated fourth ventricle as a complication of ventricular shunting. J Neurosurg 49:910–913

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heilman CB, Cohen AR (1991) Endoscopic ventricular fenestration using “saline torch”. J Neurosurg 74:224–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard JL, Houser OW, Laws ER (1987) Trapped fourth ventricle in an adult: radiographic findings and surgical treatment. Surg Neurol 28:301–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackowski A, Kulshresta M, Sgouros S (1995) Laser-assisted flexible endoscopic fenestration of giant cyst of the septum pellucidum. Br J Neurosurg 9:527–531

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James HE (1990–91) Spectrum of syndrome of the isolated fourth ventricle in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of the premature infants. Pediatr Neurosurg 16:305–308

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamjoom AB, Mohammed AA, Al-Boukai A et al (1996) Multiloculated hydrocephalus related cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection. Acta Neurochir 138:714–719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph VB, Raghuram L, Korah IP, Chacko AG (2003) MR ventriculography for the study of CSF flow. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:373–381

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kalsbeck JE, DeSousa AL, Kleiman MB et al (1980) Compartmentalization of the cerebral ventricles as a sequela of neonatal meningitis. J Neurosurg 52:547–552

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman B, Weiss MH, Young HF, Nulsen FE (1973) Effects of prolonged cerebrospinal fluid shunting on the skull and brain. J Neurosurg 38(3):288–297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinhaus S, Germann TR, Sheran M et al (1982) A role for endoscopy in the placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Surg Neurol 18:179–180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD (1991) Stereotactic management of colloid cysts: factors predicting the success. J Neurosurg 75:45–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper EJ, Vandertop WP (2001) Trapped third ventricle. Acta Neurochir 143:1169–1172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laitt RD, Mallucci CL, Jaspan T et al (1999) Constructive interference in steady-state 3D Fourier-transform MRI in the management of hydrocephalus and third ventriculostomy. Neuroradiology 41:117–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lancon JA, Haines DE, Raila FA et al (1996) Expanding cyst of the septum pellucidum. J Neurosurg 85: 1127–1134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee M, Leahu D, Weiner HL et al (1995) Complications of fourth-ventricle shunts. Pediatr Neurosurg 22:309–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis AI, Keiper GL, Crone KR (1995) Endoscopic treatment of multiloculated hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 82:780–785

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liss L, Mervis L (1964) The ependymal lining of the cavum septi pellucidi: a histological and histochemical study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 23:355–367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorber J, Pickering D (1966) Incidence and treatment of post-meningitic hydrocephalus in newborn. Arch Dis Child 41:44–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marquadt G, Setzer M, Lang J et al (2002) Delayed hydrocephalus after resection of supratentorial malignant gliomas. Acta Neurochir 144:227–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathisien T, Grane P, Lindquist C et al (1993) High recurrence rate following aspiration of colloid cysts in the third ventricle. J Neurosurg 78:748–752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurice-Williams RS, Choksey M (1986) Entrapment of the temporal horn: a form of focal obstructive hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49:238–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken GH, Mize SG (1976) A controlled study of intrathecal antibiotic therapy in gram negative enteric meningitis in infancy. J Pediatr 89:66–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miki T, Wada J, Nakajima N, Inaji T, Akimoto J, Haraoka J (2005) Operative indications and neuroendoscopic management of symptomatic cysts of the septum pellucidum. Childs Nerv Syst 21:372–381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milhorat TH (1980) Comment. In: “Double compartment hydrocephalus – a new clinical entity”, by Foltz EL, DeFeo DR, Neurosurgery 7:551–559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamori T, Miyamori K, Hasegawa T (1995) Expanded cavum septi pellucidi and cavum Vergae associated with behavioral symptoms relieved by a stereotactic procedure: case report. Surg Neurol 44:471–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty A, Das BS, Sastry Kolluri VR et al (1996) Neuro-endoscopic fenestration of occluded foramen of Monro causing unilateral hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 25:248–251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montes JL, Clarke DB, Farmer JP (1994) Stereotactic transtentorial hiatus ventriculoperitoneal shunting for the sequestered fourth ventricle. J Neurosurg 80:759–761

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nida TY, Haines SJ (1993) Multiloculated hydrocephalus: craniotomy and fenestration of intraventricular septations. J Neurosurg 78:70–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nigri F, Gobbi GN, da Costa Ferreira Pinto PH, Simões EL, Caparelli-Daquer EM (2016) Hydrocephalus caused by unilateral foramen of Monro obstruction: A review on terminology. Surg Neurol Int 13;7(Suppl 12):S307–S313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nitz WR (2002) Fast and ultrafast non-echo-planar MR imaging techniques. Eur Radiol 12:2866–2882

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nowoslawska E, Polis L, Kaniewska D et al (2003) Effectiveness of neuroendoscopic procedures in the treatment of complex compartmentalized hydrocephalus in children. Childs Nerv Syst 19(9):659–665

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brian MS (1980) Comment. In: “Double compartment hydrocephalus – a new clinical entity, by Foltz EL, DeFeo DR, Neurosurgery 7:551–559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oi S, Abbott R (2004) Loculated ventricles and isolated compartments in hydrocephalus: their pathophysiology and the efficacy of neuroendoscopic surgery. Neurosurg Clin N Am 15:77–87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oi S, Matsumoto S (1985a) Slit ventricles as a cause of isolated ventricles after shunting. Childs Nerv Syst 1(4):189–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oi S, Matsumoto S (1985b) Pathophysiology of nonneoplastic obstruction of the foramen of Monro and progressive unilateral hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 17:891–896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oi S, Matsumoto S (1986a) Isolated fourth ventricle. J Pediatr Neurosci 2:125–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Oi S, Matsumoto S (1986b) Pathophysiology of aqueductal obstruction in isolated fourth ventricle after shunting. Childs Nerv Syst 2:282–286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oi S, Kudo H, Yamada H (1991) Hydromyelic hydrocephalus. Correlation of hydromyelia with various stages of hydrocephalus in post shunt isolated compartments. J Neurosurg 74:371–379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oi S, Hidaka M, Hinda Y et al (1999) Neuroendoscopic surgery for specific forms of hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 15:56–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oteruelo FT (1986) On the cavum septi pellucidi and cavum Vergae. Anat Anz 162:271–278

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paraskevopoulos D, Biyani N, Constantini S, Beni-Adani L (2011) Combined intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and navigated neuroendoscopy in children with multicompartmental hydrocephalus and complex cysts: a feasibility study. J Neurosurg Pediatr 8:279–288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parrent AG (2000) Endoscopically guided fenestration of the choroidal fissure for treatment of trapped temporal horn. J Neurosurg 93:891–894

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel SK, Yuan W, Mangano FT (2017) Advanced neuroimaging techniques in pediatric hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 52:436–445

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powers SK (1986) Fenestration of intraventricular cysts using a flexible steerable endoscope and argon laser. Neurosurgery 18:637–641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raimondi AJ, Samuelson G, Yarzagaray L et al (1969) Atresia of the foramen of Luschka and Magendie: the Dandy-Walker cyst. J Neurosurg 31:202–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinprecht A, Dietrich W, Berger A (2001) Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants: long term follow up and shunt related complications. Childs Nerv Syst 17:663–669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoten RLP, Luciano MG, Barnett GH (1997) Computer-assisted endoscopy for neurosurgical procedures: technical notes. Neurosurgery 40:632–638

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoton AL Jr, Gomez MR (1972) Conversion of multilocular hydrocephalus to unilocular. J Neurosurg 36:348–350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ronsin E, Grosskopf PJ (1997) Morphology and immunohistochemitry of a symptomatic septum pellucidum cavum Vergae cyst in man. Acta Neurochir 139:366–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sagan LM, Kojder I, Poncyljusz W (2006) Endoscopic aqueductal stent placement for the treatment of a trapped fourth ventricle. J Neurosurg 105(4 suppl): 275–280

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon JH (1970) Isolated unilateral hydrocephalus following ventriculoatrial shunt. J Neurosurg 32:219–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg DI, McComb JG, Krieger MD (2005) Craniotomy for fenestration of multiloculated hydrocephalus in pediatric patients. Neurosurgery 57(1 Suppl): 100–106

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schellinger D, Grant EG, Manz HJ (1986) Ventricular septa in the neonatal age group: diagnosis and considerations of etiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 7:1065–1071

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder HWS, Gaab MR (1999) Endoscopic aqueductoplasty: technique and results. Neurosurgery 45:501–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz P, Leeds NE (1973) Intraventricular septations complicating neonatal meningitis. J Neurosurg 38:620–626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz M, Bohner G, Knaus H, Haberl H, Thomale UW (2010) Navigated endoscopic surgery for multiloculated hydrocephalus in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 5:434–442

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz M, Goelz L, Spors B, Haberl H, Thomale UW (2012) Endoscopic treatment of isolated fourth ventricle: clinical and radiological outcome. Neurosurgery 70:847–859

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz M, Buhrer C, Pohl-Schickinger A, Haberl H, Thomale UW (2014) Neuroendoscopic lavage for the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in neonates. J Neurosurg Pediatr 13:626–635

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schut L (1995) Comment. In: “Expanding cava septi pellucidi and cava Vergae in children: report of three cases”, by Wester K, Kråkenes J, Moen G, Neurosurgery 37:134–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scotti G, Musgrave MA, Fitz CR et al (1980) The isolated fourth ventricle in children: CT and clinical review of 16 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 135:1233–1238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sencer A, Sencer S, Turantan I (2001) Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics of the cava septi pellucidi and Vergae. J Neurosurg 94:127–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw CM, Ellsworth CA Jr (1969) Cava septi pellucidi et Vergae: their normal and pathological states. Brain 92:213–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spennato P, O’Brien DF, Fraher JP, Mallucci CL (2005) Bilateral abducent and facial nerve palsies following fourth ventricle shunting: two case reports. Childs Nerv Syst 21:309–316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spennato P, Cinalli G, Ruggiero C, Aliberti F, Trischitta V, Cianciulli E, Maggi G (2007) Neuroendoscopic treatment of multiloculated hydrocephalus in children. J Neurosurg 106:29 te

    Google Scholar 

  • Strowitzki M, Kiefer M, Steudel WI (2002) A new method of ultrasonic guidance of neuro-endoscopic procedures. Technical note. J Neurosurg 96:628–632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamburrini G, Mattogno PP, Narenthiran G, Caldarelli M, Di Rocco C (2017) Cavum septi pellucidi cysts: a survey about clinical indications and surgical management strategies. Br J Neurosurg 31:464–467

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teo C, Burson T, Misra S (1999) Endoscopic treatment of the trapped fourth ventricle. Neurosurgery 44: 1257–1262

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tubbs RS, Krishnamurthy S, Verma K, Shoja MM, Loukas M, Mortazavi MM, Cohen-Gadol AA (2011) Cavum velum interpositum, cavum septum pellucidum, and cavum vergae: a review. Childs Nerv Syst 27:1927–1930

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Udayakumaran S, Biyani N, Rosenbaum D et al (2011) Posterior fossa craniotomy for trapped fourth ventricle in shunt-treated hydrocephalic children: long-term outcome. J Neurosurg Pediatr 7:52–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela S, Trellez A (1999) Pediatric neuroendoscopy in Chile. Analysis of the first 100 cases. Childs Nerv Syst 15:457–460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villavicencio AT, Wellos JC, George TM (1998) Avoiding complicated shunt systems by open fenestration of symptomatic fourth ventricular cysts associated with hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 29:314–319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang KC, Fuh JL, Lirng JF, Huang WC, Wang SJ (2004) Headache profiles in patients with a dilatated cyst of the cavum septi pellucidi. Cephalalgia 24(10):867–874

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe T, Katayama Y (1999) Evaluation by magnetic resonance of the entrapped temporal horn syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:113–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wester K, Kråkenes J, Moen G (1995) Expanding cava septi pellucidi and cava Vergae in children: report of three case. Neurosurgery 37:134–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wisoff JH (1995) Comment. In: “Expanding cava septi pellucidi and cava Vergae in children: report of three case”, by Wester K, Kråkenes J, Moen G, Neurosurgery 37:134–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong TT, Lee LS (2000) Membranous occlusion of the foramen of Monro following ventriculaoperitoneal shunt insertion: a role for endoscopic foraminoplasty. Childs Nerv Syst 16:213–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuccaro G, Ramos JG (2011) Multiloculated hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 27:1609–1619

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, “Santobono-Pausilipon” Children’s Hospital, Naples, Italy

    Pietro Spennato, Giuseppe Mirone, Claudio Ruggiero, Giuliana Di Martino & Giuseppe Cinalli

  2. Department of Pediatric Neuroradiology, “Santobono-Pausilipon” Children’s Hospital, Naples, Italy

    Domenico Cicala & Giuseppe Carannante

  3. Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Section of Pathology, Federico II, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

    Maria Laura del Basso de Caro

Authors
  1. Pietro Spennato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Giuseppe Mirone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Domenico Cicala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Claudio Ruggiero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Giuliana Di Martino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Maria Laura del Basso de Caro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Giuseppe Carannante
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Giuseppe Cinalli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pietro Spennato .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric Neurosurgery, Santobono Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, Naples, Italy

    Giuseppe Cinalli

  2. Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Acıbadem University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey

    M. Memet Ozek

  3. Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France

    Christian Sainte-Rose

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, Naples, Italy

    Giuseppe Cinalli

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Spennato, P. et al. (2019). Pathophysiology and Treatment of Multiloculated Hydrocephalus. In: Cinalli, G., Ozek, M., Sainte-Rose, C. (eds) Pediatric Hydrocephalus. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31889-9_16-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31889-9_16-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31889-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31889-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation