Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Thyroid Cancer

Abstract

There are several important distinctions in cytologic and histologic differential diagnosis that relate to the respective diagnoses of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) versus follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), follicular adenoma versus FTC, and minimally invasive FTC versus widely invasive FTC. The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) generally behaves clinically as a PTC [1–4] and hence is discussed in the chapters on PTC. As described in Chap. 32 (Pathology of FTC), FTC is much less often multicentric than PTC and the diagnostic distinction between FTC and PTC is based on their appearance under the microscope.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Vivero M, Kraft S, Barletta JA. Risk stratification of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2013;23:273–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Yu X-M, Schneider DF, Leverson G, Chen H, Sippel RS. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is a unique clinical entity: a population-based study of 10,740 cases. Thyroid. 2013;23:1263–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Jain M, Khan A, Patwardhan N, et al. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a comparative study of histopathologic features and cytology results in 141 patients. Endocr Pract. 2001;7:79–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kesmodel SB, Terhune KP, Canter RJ, et al. The diagnostic dilemma of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 2003;134:1005–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Daniels GH. What if many follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas are not malignant? A review of follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma and a proposal for a new classification. Endocr Pract. 2011;17(5):768–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bongiovanni M, Spitale A, Faquin WC, Mazzucchelli L, Baloch ZW. The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology: a meta-analysis. Acta Cytol. 2012;56:333–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cibas Es, Ali SZ. The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid. 2009;19:1159–65, and Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;132:658–665.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Theoharis CGA, Schofield KM, Hammers L, Udelsman R, Chhieng DC. The Bethesda thyroid fine-needle aspiration classification system: year 1 at an academic institution. Thyroid. 2009;19:1215–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bose S, Walts AE. Thyroid fine needle aspirate: a post-Bethesda update. Adv Anat Pathol. 2012;19:160–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Teixeira GV, Chikota H, Teixeira T, Manfro G, Pal SI, Tufano RP. Incidence of malignancy in thyroid nodules determined to be follicular lesions of undetermined significance on fine-needle aspiration. World J Surg. 2012;36:69–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov Y, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 25: doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020; print version in Thyroid 26:2016.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sugino K, Kameyama K, Ito K, Nagahama M, Kitagawa W, Shibuya H, et al. Outcomes and prognostic factors of 251 patients with minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2012;22:798–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Thompson LDR, Wierneke JA, Paal E, et al. A clinicopathologic study of minimally invasive follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland with a review of the English literature. Cancer. 2001;91:505–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ito Y, Hirokawa M, Masuoka H, Yabuta T, Kihara M, Higashiyama T, et al. Prognostic factors of minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma: extensive vascular invasion significantly affects patient prognosis. Endocr J. 2013;60:737–642.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hedinger CE, Williams ED, Sobin LH. Histological typing of thyroid tumors. In: Hedinger CE, editor. International histological classification of tumors, vol. 11. Berlin: Springer; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Williams ED, Abrosimov A, Bogdanova TI, et al. Two proposals regarding the terminology of thyroid tumors. Int J Surg Pathol. 2000;8:181–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Elsheikh TM, Asa SL, Chan JK, et al. Interobserver and intraobserver variation among experts in the diagnosis of thyroid follicular lesions with borderline nuclear features of papillary carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;130:736–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Baloch AZ, LiVolsi VA. Follicular-patterned lesions of the thyroid: the bane of the pathologist. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;117:143–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Haigh PI. Follicular thyroid carcinoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2002;3:349–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT. Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1447–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Schlumberger MJ. Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:297–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Thyroid carcinoma: clinical practice guidelines 2013, J Natl Compr Cancer Netw; Version 2.2013.

    Google Scholar 

  23. British Thyroid Association. Guidelines for the management of differentiated thyroid cancer in adults. Available at: www.british-thyroidassociation.org/guidelines.htm, 2nd ed. 2007.

  24. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63:11–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sobrinho-Simoes M, Eloy C, Magalhaes J, Lobo C, Amaro T. Follicular thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2011;2:S10–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hundahl SA, Cady B, Cunningham MP, et al. Initial results from a progressive cohort study of 5583 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the United States during 1996. Cancer. 2000;89:202–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program. Available at http://www.seer.cancer.gov.

  28. Otto KJ, Lam JSC, MacMilllan C, Freeman JL. Diminishing diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Head Neck. 2010;32:1629–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Huang CC, Hsueh C, Liu FH, Chao TC, Lin JD. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for minimally and widely invasive follicular thyroid carcinomas. Surg Oncol. 2011;20:1–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. D’Avanzo A, Treseler P, Ituarte PHG, et al. Follicular thyroid carcinoma: histology and prognosis. Cancer. 2004;100:1123–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lang BH-H, Lo C-Y, Chan W-F, Lam K-Y, Wan K-Y. Staging systems for follicular thyroid carcinoma: application to 171 consecutive patients treated in a tertiary referral centre. Endocr-Rel Cancer. 2007;14:29–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Lang BH, Wong KP, Cheung CY, Wan KY, Lo CY. Evaluating the prognostic factors associated with cancer-specific survival of differentiated thyroid carcinoma presenting with distant metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:1329–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pulcrano M, Boukheris H, Talbot M, et al. Poorly differentiated follicular thyroid carcinoma: prognostic factors and relevance of histologic classification. Thyroid. 2007;17:639–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jensen MH, Davis RK, Derrick L. Thyroid cancer: a computer-assisted review of 5287 cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;102:51–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ruegemer JJ, Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ, et al. Distant metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic variables. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67:501–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Schlumberger M, Tubiana M, de Vathaire F, et al. Long-term results of treatment of 283 patients with lung and bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;63:960–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Young RL, Mazzaferri EL, Rahe AJ, Dorfman SG. Pure follicular carcinoma: impact of therapy in 214 patients. J Nucl Med. 1980;21:733–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Simpson WJ, McKinney SE, Carruthers JS, et al. Papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: prognostic factors in 1578 patients. Am J Med. 1987;83:479–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Franceschi S. Iodine intake and thyroid carcinoma—a potential risk factor. Exper Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1998;106 Suppl 3:S38–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Galanti MR, Hansson L, Bergstrom R, et al. Diet and the risk of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: a population-based case-control study in Sweden and Norway. Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8:205–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Wartofsky L. Rising world incidence of thyroid cancer: increased detection or higher radiation exposure? Hormones. 2010;9:103–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. LiVolsi VA, Asa SL. The demise of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Thyroid. 1994;4:233–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Moosa M, Mazzaferri EL. Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed in pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2862–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Eichhorn W, Tabler H, Lippold R, et al. Prognostic factors determining long-term survival in well-differentiated thyroid cancer: an analysis of four hundred eighty-four patients undergoing therapy and aftercare at the same institution. Thyroid. 2003;13:949–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sillery JC, Reading CC, Charboneau JW, et al. Thyroid follicular carcinoma: sonographic features of 50 cases. AJR. 2010;194:44–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Mihai R, Parker AJ, Roskell D, Sadler GP. One in four patients with follicular thyroid cytology has a thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2009;19:33–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Raparia K, Min SK, Mody DR, Anton R, Amrikachi M. Clinical outcomes for “suspicious” category in thyroid fine-needle aspiration: patient’s sex and nodule size are possible predictors of malignancy. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133:787–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Challeton C, Bounacer A, DuVillard JA, et al. Pattern of ras and gsp oncogene mutations in radiation-associated human thyroid tumors. Oncogene. 1995;11:601–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Freitas BC, Cerutti JM. Genetic markers differentiating follicular thyroid carcinoma from benign lesions. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;321(1):77–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Roque L, Clode A, Beige G, et al. Follicular thyroid carcinoma: chromosome analysis of 19 cases. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1998;21:250–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Russo D, Aruri F, Schlumberger M, et al. Activating mutations of the TSH receptor in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Oncogene. 1995;11:1907–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Russo D, Tumino S, Arturi F, et al. Detection of an activating mutation of the thyrotropin receptor in a case of an autonomously hyperfunctioning thyroid insular carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:735–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Miyauchi A, Takamura Y, Ito Y, et al. 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine thyrotoxicosis due to increased conversión of administered levothyroxine in patients with metastátic follicular thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2239–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Spencer CA, Fatemi S, Singer P, Nicoloff J, LoPresti J. Serum basal thyroglobulin measured by a second-generation assay correlates with the recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated thyroglobulin response in patients treated for differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2010;20:587–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Schlumberger M, Hitzel A, Toubert ME, et al. Comparison of seven serum thyroglobulin assays in the follow-up of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2487–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Spencer CA. Clinical utility of thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) measurements for patients with differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:3615–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Spencer CA, Petrovic I, Fatemi S. Current thyroglobulin autoantibody (TgAb) assays often fail to detect interfering TgAb that ca result in the reporting of falsely low/undetectable serum Tg IMA values for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1283–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ringel MD, Ladenson PW, Levine MA. Molecular diagnosis of residual and recurrent thyroid cancer by amplification of thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid in peripheral blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998; 83:4435–42. Editorial comment by Haber RS. The diagnosis of recurrent thyroid cancer—a new approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998; 83:4189–90.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Maruyama M, Kato R, Kobayashi S, Kasuga Y. A method to differentiate between thyroglobulin derived from normal thyroid tissue and from thyroid carcinoma based on analysis of reactivity to lectins. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998;122:715–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Sato T, Harao M, Nakano S, et al. Circulating tumor cells detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA: Distinguishing follicular thyroid carcinoma from adenoma. Surgery. 2005;137:552–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wartofsky L. Using baseline and recombinant human TSH-stimulated thyroglobulin measurements to manage thyroid cancer without diagnostic 131-I scanning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1486–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Robbins RJ, Robbins AK. Recombinant human thyrotropin and thyroid cancer management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1933–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Wartofsky L, the rhTSH-Stimulated Thyroglobulin Study Group. Management of low risk well differentiated thyroid cancer based only upon thyroglobulin measurement after recombinant human thyrotropin. Thyroid. 2002;12:583–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mazzaferri EL, Robbins RJ, Spencer CA, et al. A consensus report on the role of serum thyroglobulin as a monitoring method for low risk patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1433–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Renshaw A, Gould EW. Why there is the tendency to “over-diagnose” the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;117:19–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Skoog L, Tani E. Hurthle cell carcinoma: time for a drastic change? Cancer. 2002;96:259–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Arturi F, Russo D, Giuffrida D, et al. Early diagnosis by genetic analysis of differentiated thyroid cancer metastases in small lymph nodes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1638–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Winzer R, Schmutzler C, Jakobs TC, et al. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of thyrocyte-relevant genes in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the human thyroid. Thyroid. 1998;8:981–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Handkiewicz-Junak D, Czarniecka A, Jarzab B. Molecular prognostic markers in papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: current status and future directions. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;322(1–2):8–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kroll TG, Sarraf P, Pecciarini L, et al. PAX8-PPARγ-1 fusion in oncogene human thyroid carcinoma. Science. 2000;289:1357–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Marques AR, Espadinha C, Catarino AL, et al. Expression of PAX8PPARγ1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:3947–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bartolazzi A, Gasbarri A, Papotti M, et al. Application of an immunodiagnostic method for improving diagnosis of nodular thyroid lesions. Lancet. 2001;357:1644–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Saggiorato E, Cappia S, De Giuli P, et al. Galectin-3 as a presurgical immuno cytodiagnostic marker of minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5152–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Weber F, Eng C. Update on the molecular diagnosis of endocrine tumors: toward-omics-based personalized healthcare? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1097–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Nikiforov Y, Nikiforova MN. Molecular genetics and diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7:569–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Prasad NB, Kowalski J, Tsai H-L, Talbot K, Somervell H, Kouniavsky G, et al. Three-gene molecular diagnostic model for thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2012;22:275–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Nikiforova MN, Nikiforov YE. Molecular diagnostics and predictors in thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19:1351–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Alexander EK. Approach to the patient with a cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodule. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4175–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Collins SL. Thyroid cancer: controversies and etiopathogenesis of thyroid cancer. In: Falk S, editor. Thyroid disease: endocrinology, surgery, nuclear medicine, and radiotherapy. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1997. p. 495–564.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Paphavasit A, Thompson GB, Hay ID, et al. Follicular and Hürthle cell thyroid neoplasms: is frozen section evaluation worthwhile? Arch Surg. 1997;132:674–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Bishop JA, Wu G, Tufano RP, Westra WH. Histological patterns of locoregional recurrence in Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Thyroid. 2012;22:690–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Orita Y, Sugitani I, Matsuura M, et al. Prognostic factors and the therapeutic strategy for patients with bone metastasis from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 2010;147:424–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Muresan MM, Olivier P, Leclere J, et al. Bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008;15:37–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Wexler JA. Approach to the thyroid cancer patient with bone metastases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:2296–3307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Schmidt GP, Schoenberg SO, Schmid R, et al. Screening for bone metastases: whole body MRI using a 32-channel system versus dual modality. Eur Radiol. 2006;174:939–49.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Qiu Z-L, Song H-J, Xu Y-H, Luo Q-Y. Efficacy and survival analysis of 131I therapy for bone metastases from differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:3078–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Wartofsky L, Van Nostrand D. Radioiodine treatment of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrine. 2012;42:506–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Orita Y, Sugitani I, Toda K, Manabe J, Fujimoto Y. Zoledronic acid in the treatment of bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2011;21:31–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Durante C, Haddy N, Baudin E, et al. Long-term outcome of 444 patients with distant metastases from papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: benefits and limits of radioiodine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2892–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Tielens ET, Sherman SI, Hruban RH, Ladenson PW. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a clinical pathologic study. Cancer. 1994;73:424–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Baloch ZW, Gupta PK, Yu GH, et al. Follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. Cytologic and histologic correlation. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999;111:216–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Zidan J, Karen D, Stein M, et al. Pure versus follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; clinical features, prognostic factors, treatment, and survival. Cancer. 2003;97:1181–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. LiVolsi VA and reply by Zidan J. (Letters) Pure versus follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;98:1997–8.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Wreesman VB, Ghossein RA, Hezel M, et al. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: genome-wide appraisal of a controversial entity. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2004;40:355–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Burningham AR, Krishnan J, Davidson BJ, Ringel MD, Burman KD. Papillary and follicular variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: Initial presentation and response to therapy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;132:840–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Passler C, Prager G, Scheuba C, et al. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a long-term follow-up. Arch Surg. 2003;138:1362–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Smith TH, et al. Pulmonary metastases in children and young adults with differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer. 1993;71:1348–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Samuel AM, Rajashekharrao B, Shah DH. Pulmonary metastases in children and adolescents with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:1531–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Feinmesser R, Lubin E, Segal K, Noyek A. Carcinoma of the thyroid in children—a review. J Fed Endocrinol Metab. 1997;10:561–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Poorten VV, Hens G, Delaere P. Thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;21:135–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Hung W, Sarlis NJ. Current controversies in the management of pediatric patients with well-differentiated nonmedullary thyroid cancer: a review. Thyroid. 2002;12:683–702.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Sherman SI, Brierley JD, Sperling M, et al. Prospective multicenter study of thyroid carcinoma treatment: initial analysis of staging and outcome. Cancer. 1998;83:1012–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Cady B. Staging in thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 1998;83:844–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Sherman SI. Editorial: Staging in thyroid carcinoma—a reply. Cancer. 1998;83:848–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Brierley JD, Panzarella T, Tsang RW, et al. A comparison of different staging systems predictability of patient outcome: thyroid carcinoma as an example. Cancer. 1997;79:2414–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Loh K-C, Greenspan FS, Gee L, et al. Pathological tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) staging for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas: a retrospective analysis of 700 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3553–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner JR, et al. Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients treated surgically at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery. 1993;114:1050–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. DeGroot LJ, Kaplan EL, Straus FH, Shukla MS. Does the method of management of papillary thyroid carcinoma make a difference in outcome? World J Surg. 1994;18:123–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Shaha AR. Implications of prognostic factors and risk groups in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:393–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Besic N, Zgajnar J, Hocevar M, Frkovic-Grazio S. Is patient’s age a prognostic factor for follicular thyroid carcinoma in the TNM classification system? Thyroid. 2005;15:439–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Schwartz AE, Clark OH, Ituarte P, LoGerfo P. Thyroid surgery—the choice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1097–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Taylor T, Specker B, Robbins J, et al. Outcome after treatment of high-risk papillary and non-Hürthle cell follicular thyroid carcinoma. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:622–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. O’Neill CJ, Vaughan L, Learoyd DL, Sidhu SB, Delbridge LW, Sywak MS. Management of follicular thyroid carcinoma should be individualized based on degree of capsular and vascular invasion. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2011;37:181–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Lin JD, Kao PF, Chao TC. The effects of radioactive iodine in thyroid remnant ablation and treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Br J Radiol. 1998;71:307–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Pelikan DM, Lion HL, Hermans J, Goslings BM. The role of radioactive iodine in the treatment of advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol. 1997;47:713–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Schlumberger M, Catargi B, Borget I, Deandreis D, Zerdoud S, Bridji B, et al. Strategies of radioiodine ablation in patients with low-risk thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;366:1663–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Mallick U, Harmer C, Yap B, Wadsley J, Clarke S, Moss L, et al. Ablation with low-dose radioiodine and thyrotropin alfa in thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;366:1674–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Suliburk J, Delbridge L. Surgical management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer: state of the art. Surg Clin N Am. 2009;89(5):1171–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Lin JD, Chao TC, Huang MJ, et al. Use of radioactive iodine for thyroid remnant ablation in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma to replace thyroid reoperation. Am J Clin Oncol. 1998;21:77–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Barbesino G, Goldfarb M, Parangi S, Yang J, Ross DS, Daniels GH. Thyroid lobe ablation with radioactive iodine as an alternative to completion thyroidectomy after hemithyroidectomy in patients with follicular thyroid cancer: long-term follow-up. Thyroid. 2012;22:369–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, Menck HR. A national cancer data base report on 53, 856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985–1995. Cancer. 1998;83:2638–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Brassard M, Borget I, Edet-Sanson A, Giraudet A-L, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: a prospective study of 715 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1352–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Burman KD, Van Nostrand D, Wartofsky L. Does an undetectable rhTSH-stimulated Tg level 12 months after initial treatment of thyroid cancer indicate remission? Clin Endocrinol. 2011;74:111–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 110 Irving Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20010-2975, USA

    Leonard Wartofsky MD, MACP

Authors
  1. Leonard Wartofsky MD, MACP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leonard Wartofsky MD, MACP .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

    Leonard Wartofsky

  2. Nuclear Medicine Research MedStar Research Institute and Washington Hospital Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA

    Douglas Van Nostrand

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wartofsky, L. (2016). Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma. In: Wartofsky, L., Van Nostrand, D. (eds) Thyroid Cancer. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3314-3_70

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3314-3_70

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3312-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3314-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation