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Cytokines, Stress, and Depression pp 179–197Cite as

Cross-Sensitization Between Immune And Non-Immune Stressors

A Role in the Etiology of Depression?

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 461))

Abstract

Organisms have a tremendous capacity to adapt to environmental conditions. This requires not only immediate responses to acute alterations in the internal or external milieu but also mechanisms that allow experiences to shape the response to later stimuli. Together with its genetic background, it are the specific experiences and their long lasting consequences that model the individual. Aspects of this can be found in almost all cells and organs, and are most prominent in the central nervous system and the immune system. The immune system shows an amazing capacity to store information about pathogens to the extent that a first encounter can prevent the organism from becoming ill by a renewed contact with the pathogen for a lifetime. Information about a wide variety of experiences can be stored in the brain to affect the responses to later events. How this information is stored is still poorly understood, but synaptic plasticity is generally considered to play a crucial role. Not only during early development but also in adulthood single or sporadic exposure to particular environmental stimuli can affect the response to the same stimulus weeks to years later. Such a change in response as a result of a specific earlier experience is often denoted as the “priming” effect of the stimulus. In its most simple form, priming can result in a reduction of the response to a second encounter, a phenomenon called desensitization, habituation or tolerance. Alternatively, priming may lead to exaggerated responses upon renewed exposure, a phenomenon known as sensitization.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine Department of Pharmacology, Research, Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    J. H. Tilders & E. D. Schmidt

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  1. J. H. Tilders
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  2. E. D. Schmidt
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. INRA-INSERM, Bordeaux, France

    Robert Dantzer

  2. CNRS, Paris, France

    Emmanuelle E. Wollman

  3. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

    Raz Yirmiya

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© 1999 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers

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Tilders, J.H., Schmidt, E.D. (1999). Cross-Sensitization Between Immune And Non-Immune Stressors. In: Dantzer, R., Wollman, E.E., Yirmiya, R. (eds) Cytokines, Stress, and Depression. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 461. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-37970-8_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-37970-8_11

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