Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rearing Chrysoperla externa Larvae on Artificial Diets

  • Biological Control
  • Published:
Neotropical Entomology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We tested three artificial diets for rearing larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), aiming at reducing the production costs of this predator. Two of the diets come from studies with other species of lacewings, and the third is a modification described in this paper. All diets were based on animal protein and were supplied to 2nd and 3rd instar larvae, whereas 1st instar larvae received eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). We evaluated the preimaginal duration and survival, adult size, longevity and fecundity, egg hatchability, and predatory capacity of larvae produced. The performance of the diets was followed for seven generations. The diet we describe showed to be the best among the artificial diets tested. Our results show that C. externa can be successfully reared on artificial diets during second and third instars, reducing in 90% the dependency on eggs of A. kuehniella.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Albuquerque GS, Tauber CA, Tauber MJ (1994) Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): life history and potential for biological control in Central and South America. Biol Control 4:8–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bezerra GCD, Santa-Cecília LVC, Carvalho CF, Souza B (2006) Aspectos biológicos da fase adulta de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) oriunda de larvas alimentadas com Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Ciênc Agrotec 30:603–610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biagioni A, Freitas S (2001) Efeito de diferentes dietas sobre o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Chrysoperla defreitasi brooks (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Neotrop Entomol 30:333–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bortoli SA, Caetano AC, Murata AT, Oliveira JEM (2006) Desenvolvimento e capacidade predatória de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) em diferentes presas. Rev Biol Ciênc Terra 6:145–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Canard M, Principi MM (1984) Life histories and behaviour. In: Canard M, Séméria Y, New TR (eds) Biology of Chrysopidae. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague

    Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho CF, Souza B (2009) Métodos de criação e produção de crisopídeos. In: Bueno VHP (ed) Controle biológico de pragas: produção massal e controle de qualidade. UFLA, Lavras

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen AC, Smith LK (1998) A new concept in artificial diets for Chrysoperla rufilabris: the efficacy of solid diets. Biol Control 13:49–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team (2013) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/

  • Costa RIF, Carvalho CF, Souza B, Loreti J (2003) Influência da densidade de indivíduos na criação de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Ciênc. agrotec., Lavras. Edição Especial, p.1539-1545, dez., 2003

  • De Clercq P (2008) Culture of natural enemies on factitious foods and artificial diets. In: Capinera JL (ed) Encyclopedia of entomology, 2nd edn. Springer, Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Figueira LK, Lara FM (2004) Relação predador:presa de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) para o controle do pulgão-verde em genótipos de sorgo. Neotrop Entomol 33:447–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Figueira LK, Carvalho CF, Souza B (2000) Biologia e exigências térmicas de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) alimentadas com ovos de Alabama argillaceae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ciênc Agrotec 24:319–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Finney GL (1948) Culturing Chrysopa californica and obtaining eggs for field distribution. J Econ Entomol 41:719–721

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagley EAC (1989) Release of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) for control of the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi Degeer (Homoptera: Aphididae). Can Entomol 121:309–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagley EAC, Miles N (1987) Release of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) for control of Tetranychus urticae Kosh (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on peach grow in protected environment structure. Can Entomol 119:205–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan SA (1978) Release of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) to control Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on eggplant in small greenhouse plots. J Plant Dis Prot 8:118–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Klingen I, Johansen NS, Hofsvang T (1996) The predation of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on eggs and larvae of Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Appl Entomol 120:363–637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee K, Lee J (2005) Rearing of Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on artificial diet. Entomol Res 35:183–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Hu L, Romeis J, Wang Y, Han L, Chen X, Peng Y (2014) Use of an artificial diet system to study the toxicity of gut-active insecticidal compounds on larvae of the green lacewing Chrysoperla sinica. Biol Control 69:45–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu F, Liu C, Zeng F (2013) Effects of an artificial diet on development, reproduction and digestive physiology of Chrysopa septempunctata. BioControl 58:789–795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nasreen A, Gillespie DR, Mustafa G (2011) Graphical marginal analysis of the economics of natural enemy production: an example using a pilot mass rearing system for green lacewing. Biol Control 57:44–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro MJ, Carvalho CF (1991) Aspectos biológicos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) em diferentes condições de acasalamento. Rev Bras Entomol 35:423–427

    Google Scholar 

  • Sattar M, Fatima B, Ahmed N, Abro GH (2007) Development of larval artificial diet of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Pak J Zool 39:103–107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1995) Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research, 3rd edn. Freeman and Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Specty O, Febvay G, Grenier S, Delobel B, Piotte C, Pageaux JF, Ferran A, Guillaud J (2003) Nutritional plasticity of the predatory ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): comparison between natural and substitution prey. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 52:81–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syed AN, Ashfaq M, Ahmad S (2008) Comparative effect of various diets on development of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Int J Agri Biol 10:728–730

    Google Scholar 

  • TACO (2007) Tabela brasileira de composição de alimentos. Unicamp, Campinas, http://www.unicamp.br/nepa/taco/

    Google Scholar 

  • Tauber MJ, Tauber CA, Daane KM, Hagen KS (2000) Commercialization of predators: recent lessons from green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Am Entomol 46:26–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Lenteren JC (2012) The state of commercial augmentative biological control: plenty of natural enemies, but a frustrating lack of uptake. BioControl 57:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Lenteren JC, Hale A, Klapwijk JN, van Schelt J, Steinberg S (2003) Guidelines for quality control of commercially produced natural enemies. In: van Lenteren JC (ed) Quality control and production of biological control agents: theory and testing procedures. CABI publishing

  • Zaki FM, Gesraha MA (2001) Production of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neuropt., Chrysopidae) reared on semi-artificial diet based on the algae, Chlorella vulgaris. J Appl Entomol 125:97–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil

    C E S Bezerra, B B Amaral & B Souza

Authors
  1. C E S Bezerra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B B Amaral
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B Souza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C E S Bezerra.

Additional information

Edited by Madelaine Venzon – EPAMIG

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bezerra, C.E.S., Amaral, B.B. & Souza, B. Rearing Chrysoperla externa Larvae on Artificial Diets. Neotrop Entomol 46, 93–99 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-016-0427-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-016-0427-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation