Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Obesity Prevention for Children with Developmental Disabilities

  • Obesity Prevention (A Must, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Obesity Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The prevention of obesity in children with DD is a pressing public health issue, with implications for health status, independent living, and quality of life. Substantial evidence suggests that children with developmental disabilities (DD), including those with intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), have a prevalence of obesity at least as high if not higher than their typically developing peers. The paper reviews what is known about the classic and unique risk factors for childhood obesity in these groups of children, including dietary, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and family factors, as well as medication use. We use evidence from the literature to make the case that primary prevention at the individual/family, school and community levels will require tailoring of strategies and adapting existing intervention approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: •Of importance

  1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999–2010. JAMA. 2012;307(5):483–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet No. 311. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/2013.

  3. Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML, et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):804–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cohen AK, Rai M, Rehkopf DH, Abrams B. Educational attainment and obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2013;14(12):989–1005.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bandini LG, Curtin C, Hamad C, Tybor DJ, Must A. Prevalence of overweight in children with developmental disorders in the continuous National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002. J Pediatr. 2005;146(6):738–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chen AY, Kim SE, Houtrow AJ, Newacheck PW. Prevalence of obesity among children with chronic conditions. Obesity. 2009;18:210–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Curtin C, Anderson SE, Must A, Bandini L. The prevalence of obesity in children with autism: A secondary data analysis using nationally representative data from the National Survey of Children's Health. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10.

  8. Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act 2000 Public Law 106–402, Section 102 (8).

  9. Boyle CA, Boulet S, Schieve LA, Cohen RA, Blumberg SJ, Yeargin-Allsopp M, et al. Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US Children, 1997–2008. Pediatrics. 2011;127(6):1034–42. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2989.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Baio J. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, Surveillance Summaries. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6103a1.htm?s_cid=ss6103a1_w. Accessed 3 Jan 2013.

  11. US Public Health Service. Closing the Gap: a national blueprint for improving the health of individuals with mental retardation. Report of the Surgeon General's Conference on Health Disparities in Mental Retardation. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2002.

  12. Havercamp SM, Scandlin D, Roth M. Health disparities among adults with developmental disabilities, adults with other disabilities, and adults not reporting disability in North Carolina. Public Health Rep. 2004;119(4):418–26.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Haveman M, Heller T, Lee L, Maaskant M, Shooshtari S, Strydom A. Major health risks in aging persons with intellectual disabilities: an overview of recent studies. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil. 2010;7(1):59–69.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Melville CA, Hamilton S, Hankey CR, Miller S, Boyle S. The prevalence and determinants of obesity in adults with intellectual disabilities. Obes Rev. 2007;8(3):223–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Must A, Strauss RS. Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. Int J Obes. 1999;23(SUPPL. 2):S2–S11.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z et al. CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital and health statistics Series 11 Data from the national health survey. 2000;246:1–190.

  17. Bandini LG, Fleming RK, Scampini R, Gleason J, Must A. Is body mass index a useful measure of excess body fatness in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome? J Intellect Disabil Res. 2013;57(11):1050–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Cacciari E, Milani S, Balsamo A, Dammacco F, De Luca F, Chiarelli F, et al. Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (6-20y). Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(2):171–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child. 1995;73(1):25–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Inokuchi M, Hasegawa T, Anzo M, Matsuo N. Standardized centile curves of body mass index for Japanese children and adolescents based on the 1978–1981 national survey data. Ann Hum Biol. 2006;33(4):444–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:660–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Emerson E, Robertson J. Obesity in young children with intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5(4):320–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Rimmer JH, Yamaki K, Lowry BMD, Wang E, Vogel LC. Obesity and obesity-related secondary conditions in adolescents with intellectual/developmental disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2010;54(9):787–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Van Gameren-Oosterom HBM, Van Dommelen P, Schönbeck Y, Oudesluys-Murphy AM, Van Wouwe JP, Buitendijk SE. Prevalence of overweight in Dutch children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012;130(6):e1520–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Curtin C, Bandini LG, Perrin EC, Tybor DJ, Must A. Prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders: a chart review. BMC Pediatr. 2005;5.

  26. Egan AM, Dreyer ML, Odar CC, Beckwith M, Garrison CB. Obesity in young children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence and associated factors. Child Obes. 2013;9(2):125–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lin JD, Yen CF, Li CW, Wu JL. Patterns of obesity among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2005;18(2):123–9.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Mikulovic J, Marcellini A, Compte R, Duchateau G, Vanhelst J, Fardy PS, et al. Prevalence of overweight in adolescents with intellectual deficiency. Differences in socio-educative context, physical activity and dietary habits. Appetite. 2011;56(2):403–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rimmer JH, Yamaki K, Davis BM, Wang E, Vogel LC. Obesity and overweight prevalence among adolescents with disabilities. Prev Chronic Dis. 2011;8(2).

  30. Stewart L, Van de Ven L, Katsarou V, Rentziou E, Doran M, Jackson P, et al. High prevalence of obesity in ambulatory children and adolescents with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2009;53(10):882–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bégarie J, Maïano C, Leconte P, Ninot G. The prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among French youths and adults with intellectual disabilities attending special education schools. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(5):1417–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bandini LG, Must A, Spadano JL, Dietz WH. Relation of body composition, parental overweight, pubertal stage, and race-ethnicity to energy expenditure among premenarcheal girls. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1040–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. González-Agüero A, Ara I, Moreno LA, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Casajús JA. Fat and lean masses in youths with Down syndrome: gender differences. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(5):1685–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hill DL, Parks EP, Zemel BS, Shults J, Stallings VA, Stettler N. Resting energy expenditure and adiposity accretion among children with Down syndrome: a 3-year prospective study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(10):1087–91.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Luke A, Sutton M, Schoeller DA, Roizen NJM. Nutrient intake and obesity in prapubescent children with Down syndrome. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996;96(12):1262–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Conrey EJ, Welsh J, Sherry B, Rockett H, Mehrle D, Grummer-Strawn L. Association between overweight among low-income preschoolers and fruit and vegetable consumption. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;1589(11):S75.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Newby PK, Peterson KE, Berkey CS, Leppert J, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Dietary composition and weight change among low-income preschool children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(8):759–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM. US adolescent food intake trends from 1965 to 1996. West J Med. 2000;173(6):378–83.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet. 2001;357(9255):505–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wang YC, Bleich SN, Gortmaker SL. Increasing caloric contribution from sugar-sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juices among US children and adolescents, 1988–2004. Pediatrics. 2008;121(6):E1604–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Piernas C, Popkin BM. Trends in snacking among US children. Health Aff. 2010;29(3):398–404.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM. Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(10):1477–84.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Emond A, Emmett P, Steer C, Golding J. Feeding symptoms, dietary patterns, and growth in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2010;126(2):e337–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Evans EW, Must A, Anderson SE, Curtin C, Scampini R, Maslin M, et al. Dietary patterns and body mass index in children with autism and typically developing children. Res Autism Spectrum Disord. 2012;6(1):399–405.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Lukens CT, Linscheid TR. Development and validation of an inventory to assess mealtime behavior problems in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(2):342–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Curtin C, Bandini LG, Must A, Gleason J, Lividini K, Phillips S, et al. Parent support improves weight loss in adolescents and young adults with down syndrome. J Pediatr. 2013;163(5):1402–8.e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Yen CF, Lin JD. Factors for healthy food or less-healthy food intake among Taiwanese adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31(1):203–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Schreck KA, Williams K, Smith AF. A comparison of eating behaviors between children with and without autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004;34(4):433–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Williams KE, Gibbons BG, Schreck KA. Comparing selective eaters with and without developmental disabilities. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2005;17(3):299–309.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ledford JR, Gast DL. Feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorders: a review. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabil. 2004;21:153–66.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Sharp WG, Berry RC, McCracken C, Nuhu NN, Marvel E, Saulnier CA, et al. Feeding problems and nutrient intake in children with autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis and comprehensive review of the literature. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43(9):2159–73. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1771-5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Tomchek SD, Dunn W. Sensory processing in children with and without autism: a comparative study using the short sensory profile. Am J Occup Ther. 2007;61(2):190–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bandini LG, Anderson SE, Curtin C, Cermak S, Evans EW, Scampini R, et al. Food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. J Pediatr. 2010;157(2):259–64.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Cornish E. A balanced approach towards healthy eating in autism. J Hum Nutr Diet. 1998;11(6):501–9.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Schmitt L, Heiss CJ, Campbell EE. A comparison of nutrient intake and eating behaviors of boys with and without autism. Top Clin Nutr. 2008;23(1):23–31.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Schreck KA, Williams K. Food preferences and factors influencing food selectivity for children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Dev Disabil. 2006;27(4):353–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Dewey D, Cantell M, Crawford SG. Motor and general performance in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental coordination disorder, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007;13(2):246–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Minshew NJ, Sung K, Jones BL, Furman JM. Underdevelopment of the postural control system in autism. Neurology. 2004;63(11):2056–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Molloy CA, Dietrich KN, Bhattacharya A. Postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003;33(6):643–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Provost B, Lopez BR, Heimerl S. A comparison of motor delays in young children: autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and developmental concerns. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37(2):321–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Westendorp M, Houwen S, Hartman E, Visscher C. Are gross motor skills and sports participation related in children with intellectual disabilities? Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(3):1147–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Dziuk MA, Larson JCG, Apostu A, Mahone EM, Denckla MB, Mostofsky SH. Dyspraxia in autism: association with motor, social, and communicative deficits. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007;49(10):734–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Faison-Hodge J, Porretta DL. Physical activity levels of students with mental retardation and students without disabilities. Adapt Phys Act Q. 2004;21(2):139–52.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lorenzi DG, Horvat M, Pellegrini AD. Physical activity of children with and without mental retardation in inclusive recess settings. Educ Train Ment Retard Dev Disabil. 2000;35(2):160–7.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Sharav T, Bowman T. Dietary practices, physical activity, and body-mass index in a selected population of Down syndrome children and their siblings. Clin Pediatr. 1992;31(6):341–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Suzuki M, Saitoh S, Tasaki Y, Shimomura Y, Makishima R, Hosoya N. Nutritional status and daily physical activity of handicapped students in Tokyo metropolitan schools for deaf, blind, mentally retarded, and physically handicapped individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(6):1101–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Whitt-Glover MC, O'Neill KL, Stettler N. Physical activity patterns in children with and without Down syndrome. Pediatr Rehabil. 2006;9(2):158–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Lin JD, Lin PY, Lin LP, Chang YY, Wu SR, Wu JL. Physical activity and its determinants among adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31(1):263–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Matute-Llorente A, González-Agüero A, Gómez-Cabello A, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Casajús JA. Decreased levels of physical activity in adolescents with down syndrome are related with low bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2013;13.

  70. Phillips AC, Holland AJ. Assessment of objectively measured physical activity levels in individuals with intellectual disabilities with and without Down's syndrome. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(12).

  71. Shields N, Dodd KJ, Abblitt C. Do children with down syndrome perform sufficient physical activity to maintain good health? A pilot study. Adapt Phys Act Q. 2009;26(4):307–20.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Bandini LG, Gleason J, Curtin C, Lividini K, Anderson SE, Cermak SA, et al. Comparison of physical activity between children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. Autism Int J Res Pract. 2013;17(1):44–54.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Rosser-Sandt DD, Frey GC. Comparison of physical activitly levels between children with and without autism spectrum disorders. Adapt Phys Act Q. 2005;22:146–59.

    Google Scholar 

  74. MacDonald M, Esposito P, Ulrich D. The physical activity patterns of children with autism. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4.

  75. Memari AH, Ghaheri B, Ziaee V, Kordi R, Hafizi S, Moshayedi P. Physical activity in children and adolescents with autism assessed by triaxial accelerometry. Pediatr Obes. 2013;8(2):150–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Pan CY, Frey GC. Physical activity patterns in youth with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006;36(5):597–606.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Pan CY, Tsai CL, Hsieh KW, Chu CH, Li YL, Huang ST. Accelerometer-determined physical activity among elementary school-aged children with autism spectrum disorders in Taiwan. Res Autism Spectrum Disord. 2011;5(3):1042–52.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Pan CY. Objectively measured physical activity between children with autism spectrum disorders and children without disabilities during inclusive recess settings in Taiwan. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(7):1292–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Obrusnikova I, Miccinello DL. Parent perceptions of factors influencing after-school physical activity of children with autism spectrum disorders. Adapt Phys Act Q. 2012;29(1):63–80.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Barr M, Shields N. Identifying the barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for children with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2011;55(11):1020–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Buttimer J, Tierney E. Patterns of leisure participation among adolescents with a mild intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil. 2005;9(1):25–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Sayers MK. Parents' perceptions of health and physical activity needs of children with Down syndrome. Down's Syndr Res Pract: J Sarah Duffen Centre / University of Portsmouth. 2007;12(1):60–8.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Yazdani S, Yee CT, Chung PJ. Factors predicting physical activity among children with special needs. Preventing Chronic Dis. 2013;10(7).

  84. Must A, Phillips S, Curtin C, Bandini L. Barriers to physical activity in children with autism spectrum disorders: relationship to physical activity and screen time. J Phys Act Health. 2014 (in press).

  85. Obrusnikova I, Cavalier AR. Perceived barriers and facilitators of participation in after-school physical activity by children with autism spectrum disorders. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2011;23:195–211. doi:10.1007/s10882-010-9215-z.

    Google Scholar 

  86. King G, Law M, King S, Rosenbaum P, Kertoy MK, Young NL. A conceptual model of the factors affecting the recreation and leisure participation of children with disabilities. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2003;23(1):63–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Sedentary Behaviour Research Network. Standardized use of the terms “sedentary” and “sedentary behaviours”. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37:540–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Coon KA, Goldberg J, Rogers BL, Tucker KL. Relationships between use of television during meals and children's food consumption patterns. Pediatrics. 2001;107(1).

  89. Jordan AB, Robinson TN. Children, television viewing, and weight status: Summary and recommendations from an expert panel meeting. Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 2008;615(1):119–32.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Mazurek MO, Shattuck PT, Wagner M, Cooper BP. Prevalence and correlates of screen-based media use among youths with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42(8):1757–67. The study characterizes screen-based media use among a large, nationally representative sample of youths participating in the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2(NLTS2).

  91. Orsmond GI, Kuo H-Y. The daily lives of adolescents with an Autism spectrum disorder. Discretionary time use and activity partners. Autism Int J Res Pract. 2011;15(5):579–99. doi:10.1177/1362361310386503.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Shane HC, Albert PD. Electronic screen media for persons with autism spectrum disorders: results of a survey. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(8):1499–508.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Chonchaiya W, Nuntnarumit P, Pruksananonda C. Comparison of television viewing between children with autism spectrum disorder and controls. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(7):1033–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Charlop-Christy M, Carpenter M, Le L, LeBlanc L, Kellet K. Using the picture-exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: assessment of pecs acquisition, speech, social-communicative behavior, and problem behavior. J Appl Behav Anal. 2002;35(3):213–31.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Corbett B, Abdullah M. Video modeling: why does It work for children with autism? J Early Intensive Behav Interv. 2005;2(1):2–8.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Nally B, Houlton B, Ralph S, Mudford O. Researches in brief: the management of television and video by parents of children with autism. Autism Int J Res Pract. 2000;4(3):331–8.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Birch LL, Davison KK. Family environmental factors influencing the developing behavioral controls of food intake and childhood overweight. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2001;48(4):893–907.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Golan M, Crow S. Parents are key players in the prevention and treatment of weight-related problems. Nutr Rev. 2004;62(1):39–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Ventura AK, Birch LL. Does parenting affect children's eating and weight status? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2008;5.

  100. Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Frazier AL, Rockett HRH, Camargo CA, Field AE, et al. Family dinner and diet quality among older children and adolescents. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9(3):235–40. doi:10.1001/archfami.9.3.235.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan PJ, Story M. Family meals during adolescence are associated with higher diet quality and healthful meal patterns during young adulthood. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(9):1502–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Sen B. Frequency of family dinner and adolescent body weight status: evidence from the national longitudinal survey of youth, 1997. Obesity. 2006;14(12):2266–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Mendelson BK, White DR, Schliecker E. Adolescents' weight, sex, and family functioning. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;17(1):73–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Zeller MH, Reiter-Purtill J, Modi AC, Gutzwiller J, Vannatta K, Davies WH. Controlled study of critical parent and family factors in the obesigenic environment. Obesity. 2007;15(1):126–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Abbeduto L, Seltzer MM, Shattuck P, Krauss MW, Orsmond G, Murphy MM. Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, Down syndrome, or fragile X syndrome. Am J Ment Retard. 2004;109(3):237–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Gray DE. Gender and coping: the parents of children with high functioning autism. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(3):631–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hastings R, Brown T. Behavior problems of children with autism, parental self-efficacy, and mental health. Am J Ment Retard. 2002;107:222–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Hastings RP, Kovshoff H, Ward NJ, Degli Espinosa F, Brown T, Remington B. Systems analysis of stress and positive perceptions in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2005;35(5):635–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Hutton A, Caron S. Experiences of families with children with autism in rural New England. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabil. 2005;20:108–89.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Little L. Differences in stress and coping for mothers and fathers of children with Asperger's syndrome and nonverbal learning disorders. Pediatr Nurs. 2002;28(6):565–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Montes G, Halterman JS. Psychological functioning and coping among mothers of children with autism: a population-based study. Pediatrics. 2007;119(5):e1040–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Pisula E. A comparative study of stress profiles in mothers of children with autism and those of children with down's syndrome. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2007;20(3):274–8.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Field D, Garland M, Williams K. Correlates of specific childhood feeding problems. J Paediatr Child Health. 2003;39(4):299–304.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Sanders MR, Patel RK, Le Grice B, Shepherd RW. Children with persistent feeding difficulties: an observational analysis of the feeding interactions of problem and Non-problem eaters. Health Psychol. 1993;12(1):64–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Fisher JO, Birch LL. Restricting access to palatable foods affects children's behavioral response, food selection, and intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(6):1264–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. O'Neill KL, Shults J, Stallings VA, Stettler N. Child-feeding practices in children with down syndrome and their siblings. J Pediatr. 2005;146(2):234–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Hendy HM, Williams KE, Riegel K, Paul C. Parent mealtime actions that mediate associations between children's fussy-eating and their weight and diet. Appetite. 2010;54(1):191–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. McGillivray J, McVilly K, Skouteris H, Boganin C. Parental factors associated with obesity in children with disability: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2013;14(7):541–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Siegel M. Psychopharmacology of autism spectrum disorder. Evidence and practice. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2012;21(4):957–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. FDA. First drug to treat irritability associated with autism. FDA Consum. 2007;41(1):4.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Logan SL, Nicholas JS, Carpenter LA, King LB, Garrett-Mayer E, Charles JM. High prescription drug use and associated costs among medicaid-eligible children with autism spectrum disorders identified by a population-based surveillance network. Ann Epidemiol. 2012;22(1):1–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Marcus RN, Owen R, Manos G, Mankoski R, Kamen L, McQuade RD, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in pediatric patients (aged 6–17 years) with autistic disorder: results from a 52-week, open-label study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21(3):229–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism N. Risperidone treatment of autistic disorder: longer-term benefits and blinded discontinuation after 6 months. Am J Psychiatr. 2005;162(7):1361–9.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Troost PW, Lahuis BE, Steenhuis M-P, Ketelaars CEJ, Buitelaar JK, van Engeland H, et al. Long-term effects of risperidone in children with autism spectrum disorders: a placebo discontinuation study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(11):1137–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Waknine Y. FDA Approves Aripiprazole to Treat Irritability in Autistic Children. Medscape. 2009. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/713006.

  126. Zito JM, Burcu M, Ibe A, Safer DJ, Magder LS. Antipsychotic use by medicaid-insured youths: impact of eligibility and psychiatric diagnosis across a decade. Psychiatr Serv. 2013;64(3):223–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Demb H, Valicenti-Mcdermott M, Navarro A, Ayoob KT. The effect of long-term use of risperidone on body weight of children with an autism spectrum disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(5):669–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Basile VS, Masellis M, McIntyre RS, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Kennedy JL. Genetic dissection of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain: novel preliminary data on the pharmacogenetic puzzle. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(SUPPL. 23):45–66.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Crilly J. The history of clozapine and its emergence in the US market: a review and analysis. Hist Psychiatry. 2007;18(1):39–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Scheltema Beduin A, De Haan L. Off-label second generation antipsychotics for impulse regulation disorders: a review. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2010;43(3):45–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Simpson MM, Goetz RR, Devlin MJ, Goetz SA, Walsh BT. Weight gain and antipsychotic medication: differences between antipsychotic-free and treatment periods. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(9):694–700.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Grundy SM, Hansen B, Smith Jr SC, Cleeman JI, Kahn RA. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24(2):e19–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Maayan L, Correll CU. Weight gain and metabolic risks associated with antipsychotic medications in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21(6):517–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Posey DJ, Stigler KA, Erickson CA, McDougle CJ. Antipsychotics in the treatment of autism. J Clin Investig. 2008;118(1):6–14.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Marcus RN, Owen R, Kamen L, Manos G, McQuade RD, Carson WH, et al. A placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(11):1110–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Owen R, Sikich L, Marcus RN, Corey-Lisle P, Manos G, McQuade RD, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics. 2009;124(6):1533–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Baptista T. Body weight gain induced by antipsychotic drugs: Mechanisms and management. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999;100(1):3–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Bronfenbrenner U. Ecological models of human development. In: Postlethwaite TN, Husen T, editors. International encyclopedia of education. 1994. p. 1643–7.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Sallis JF, Owen N, Fisher EB. Ecologic models of health behavior. In: Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K, editors. Health behavior and health education: theory, practice and research. New York: Jossey-Bass; 2008. p. 465–82.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Rimmer JH. Promoting inclusive community-based obesity prevention programs for children and adolescents with disabilities: the why and how. Child Obes. 2011;7(3):177–84. This paper provides a framework for the systematic adaptation of existing community-based obesity interventions for children with disabilities.

  141. Barlow SE. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120 Suppl 4:S164–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Mudge S, Kayes N, Stavric V, Channon A, Kersten P, McPherson K. Living well with disability: needs, values and competing factors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10(1):100.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Huang JS, Donohue M, Golnari G, Fernandez S, Walker-Gallego E, Galvan K et al. Pediatricians' weight assessment and obesity management practices. BMC Pediatr. 2009;9.

  144. Patel AI, Madsen KA, Maselli JH, Cabana MD, Stafford RS, Hersh AL. Underdiagnosis of pediatric obesity during outpatient preventive care visits. Acad Pediatr. 2010;10(6):405–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. McPherson AC, Swift JA, Yung E, Lyons J, Church P. The assessment of weight status in children and young people attending a spina bifida outpatient clinic: a retrospective medical record review. Disabil Rehabil. 2013;35(25):2123–31.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Matson JL, Fodstad JC. The treatment of food selectivity and other feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2009;3(2):455–61.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Johnson CC. The benefits of physical activity for youth with developmental disabilities: a systematic review. Am J Health Promot. 2009;23(3):157–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Nadon G, Feldman DE, Dunn W, Gisel E. Mealtime problems in children with autism spectrum disorder and their typically developing siblings: a comparison study. Autism Int J Res Pract. 2011;15(1):98–113.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Reilly S, Skuse D. Characteristics and management of feeding problems of young-children with cerebral-palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1992;34(5):379–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Rhee KE, Lumeng JC, Appugliese DP, Kaciroti N, Bradley RH. Parenting styles and overweight status in first grade. Pediatrics. 2006;117(6):2047–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Goldstein TR, Goldstein BI, Mantz MB, Bailey B, Douaihy A. A brief motivational intervention for preventing medication-associated weight gain among youth with bipolar disorder: treatment development and case report. JChild Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21(3):275–80.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Ghanizadeh A, Sahraeizadeh A, Berk M. A head-to-head comparison of aripiprazole and risperidone for safety and treating autistic disorders, a randomized double blind clinical trial. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2013:1–8.

  153. Correll CU, Manu P, Olshanskiy V, Napolitano B, Kane JM, Malhotra AK. Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2009;302(16):1765–73.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Penzner JB, Dudas M, Saito E, Olshanskiy V, Parikh UH, Kapoor S, et al. Lack of effect of stimulant combination with second-generation antipsychotics on weight gain, metabolic changes, prolactin levels, and sedation in youth with clinically relevant aggression or oppositionality. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(5):563–73.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Jarskog LF, Hamer RM, Catellier DJ, Stewart DD, LaVange L, Ray N, et al. Metformin for weight loss and metabolic control in overweight outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatr. 2013;170(9):1032–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Klein DJ, Cottingham EM, Sorter M, Barton BA, Morrison JA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metformin treatment of weight gain associated with initiation of atypical antipsychotic therapy in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatr. 2006;163(12):2072–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Morrison JA, Cottingham EM, Barton BA. Metformin for weight loss in pediatric patients taking psychotropic drugs. Am J Psychiatr. 2002;159(4):655–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Poulin MJ, Chaput JP, Simard V, Vincent P, Bernier J, Gauthier Y, et al. Management of antipsychotic-incluced weight gain: prospective naturalistic study of the effectiveness of a supervised exercise programme. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007;41(12):980–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Deberdt W, Winokur A, Cavazzoni PA, Trzaskoma QN, Carlson CD, Bymaster FP, et al. Amantadine for weight gain associated with olanzapine treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15(1):13–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Henderson DC, Copeland PM, Daley TB, Borba CP, Cather C, Nguyen DD, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sibutramine for olanzapine-associated weight gain. Am J Psychiatr. 2005;162(5):954–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Mahmood S, Booker I, Huang J, Coleman CI. Effect of topiramate on weight gain in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic agents. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(1):90–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. McElroy SL, Frye MA, Altshuler LL, Suppes T, Hellemann G, Black D, et al. A 24-week, randomized, controlled trial of adjunctive sibutramine versus topiramate in the treatment of weight gain in overweight or obese patients with bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9(4):426–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. McGovern L, Johnson JN, Paulo R, Hettinger A, Singhal V, Kamath C, et al. Clinical review: treatment of pediatric obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(12):4600–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Whitlock EP, O'Connor EA, Williams SB, Beil TL, Lutz KW. Effectiveness of weight management interventions in children: a targeted systematic review for the USPSTF. Pediatrics. 2010;125(2):e396–418.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Kelishadi R, Hashemipour M, Adeli K, Tavakoli N, Movahedian-Attar A, Shapouri J, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on markers of insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation among prepubescent children with metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2010;8(6):505–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. López-Alarcón M, Martínez-Coronado A, Velarde-Castro O, Rendón-Macías E, Fernández J. Supplementation of n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synergistically decreases insulin resistance with weight loss of obese prepubertal and pubertal children. Arch Med Res. 2011;42(6):502–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Lustig RH, Greenway F, Velasquez-Mieyer P, Heimburger D, Schumacher D, Smith D, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial of a long-acting formulation of octreotide in promoting weight loss in obese adults with insulin hypersecretion. Int J Obes. 2006;30(2):331–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Lustig RH, Hinds PS, Ringwald-Smith K, Christensen RK, Kaste SC, Schreiber RE, et al. Octreotide therapy of pediatric hypothalamic obesity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(6):2586–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. AACAP. Practice Parameter for the use of Atypical Antipsychotic Medications in Children and Adolescents 2012.

  170. Kuhlthau K, Hill KS, Yucel R, Perrin JM. Financial burden for families of children with special health care needs. Matern Child Health J. 2005;9(2):207–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Meyers MK, Lukemeyer A, Smeeding T. The cost of caring: childhood disability and poor families. Soc Serv Rev. 1998;72(2):209–33. doi:10.1086/515751.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Newacheck PW, Inkelas M, Kim SE. Health services use and health care expenditures for children with disabilities. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):79–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Ausderau K, Juarez M. The impact of autism spectrum disorders and eating challenges on family mealtimes. ICAN. 2013;5(5):315–23. doi:10.1177/1941406413502808.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Collins MSR, Kyle R, Smith S, Laverty A, Roberts S, Eaton-Evans J. Coping with the usual family diet: eating behaviour and food choices of children with Down's syndrome, autistic spectrum disorders or Cri du Chat syndrome and comparison groups of siblings. J Learn Disabil. 2003;7(2):137–55. doi:10.1177/1469004703007002004.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Sullivan PB, Lambert B, Rose M, Ford-Adams M, Johnson A, Griffiths P. Prevalence and severity of feeding and nutritional problems in children with neurological impairment: Oxford feeding study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42(10):674–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Institute of Medicine. Accelerating progress in obesity prevention, solving the weight of the nation. Washington: National Academies Press; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Wang Y, Wu Y, Wilson RF, Bleich S, Cheskin L, Weston C et al. Childhood obesity prevention programs: comparative effectiveness: review and meta-analysis. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality2013 Contract No.: AHRQ Publication No. 13-EHC081-EF.

  178. Hoelscher DM, Kirk S, Ritchie L, Cunningham-Sabo L, Academy PC. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: interventions for the prevention and treatment of pediatric overweight and obesity. J Acad Nutrn Diet. 2013;113(10):1375–94.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Munoz-Baell IM, Alvarez-Dardet C, Ruiz MT, Ferreiro-Lago E, Aroca-Fernandez E. Setting the stage for school health-promoting programmes for Deaf children in Spain. Health Promot Int. 2008;23(4):311–27. doi:10.1093/heapro/dan026.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Scott J, Wishart J, Currie C. Including children with intellectual disabilities/special educational needs into national child health surveys: a pilot study. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2011;24(5):437–49.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Gortmaker SL, Cheung LWY, Peterson KE, Chomitz G, Cradle JH, Dart H, et al. Impact of a school-based interdisciplinary intervention on diet and physical activity among urban primary school children—eat well and keep moving. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(9):975–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Gortmaker SL, Peterson K, Wiecha J, Sobol AM, Dixit S, Fox MK, et al. Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth—planet health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(4):409–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Lytle LA, Stone EJ, Nichaman MZ, Perry CL, Montgomery DH, Nicklas TA, et al. Changes in nutrient intakes of elementary school children following a school-based intervention: results from the CATCH Study. Prev Med. 1996;25(4):465–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Nicklas TA, Johnson CC, Myers L, Farris RP, Cunningham A. Outcomes of a high school program to increase fruit and vegetable consumption: Gimme 5–a fresh nutrition concept for students. J Sch Health. 1998;68(6):248–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Minihan PM, Fitch SN, Must A. What does the epidemic of childhood obesity mean for children with special health care needs? J Law Med Ethics. 2007;35(1):61–77.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Alexandropoulou M, Sourtzi P, Kalokerinou A. Health promotion practices and attitudes among nurses in special education schools in Greece. J Sch Nurs. 2010;26(4):278–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Hinckson EA, Dickinson A, Water T, Sands M, Penman L. Physical activity, dietary habits and overall health in overweight and obese children and youth with intellectual disability or autism. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(4):1170–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Simpson CG, Swicegood PR, Gaus MD. Nutrition and fitness curriculum: designing instructional interventions for children with developmental disabilities. Teach Except Child. 2006;38(6):50–3.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Hubbard K, Bandini L, Folta S, Wansink B, Eliasziw M, . MA. Impact of a Smarter Lunchroom Intervention on Food Selection and Consumption among Adolescents and Young Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in a Residential School Setting. Presented at the 141st American Public Health Association Annual Meeting Boston, MA November, 2013.

  190. Flygare Wallén E, Müllerdorf M, Christensson K, Marcus C. Eating patterns among students with intellectual disabilities after a multifactorial school intervention using the plate model. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil. 2013;10(1):45–53.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Wallén EF, Müllersdorf M, Christensson K, Marcus C. A school-based intervention associated with improvements in cardiometabolic risk profiles in young people with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil. 2013;17(1):38–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Gephart EF, Loman DG. Use of prevention and prevention plus weight management guidelines for youth with developmental disabilities living in group homes. J Pediatr Health Care. 2013;27(2):98–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Relf D, Dorn S. Horticulture: meeting the needs of special populations. HortTechnology. 1995;5(2):94–103.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Siperstein GN, Harada CM, Parker RC, Hardman ML, McGuire J. A Comprehensive National Study of Special Olympics Programs in the United States. 2005. http://www.specialolympics.org/uploadedFiles/LandingPage/WhatWeDo/Research_Studies_Desciption_Pages/A%20Comprehensive%20National%20Study%20of%20Special%20Olympics%20Programs%20in%20the%20United%20States.pdf.

  195. United States Government Accountability Office. Students with Disabilities: more information and guidance could improve opportunities in physical education and athletics. 2013. http://www.gao.gov/assets/310/30577.pdf.

  196. National Academies, Committee on Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research, Committee on Science PPU. Facilitating interdisciplinary research. National Academy Press; 2005. p. 24.

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the members of the MCH Research Network on Promoting Healthy Weight among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Disabilities for their many suggestions and Sarah Phillips for her editorial assistance.

This effort was supported by cooperative agreement UA3MC25735 Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Maternal and Child Health Bureau (Title V, Social Security Act), Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services; the Boston Nutrition Obesity Research Center NIHDK046200; and Interdisciplinary Research in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 2P30HD004147-33A2.

Carol Curtin’s position at University of Massachusetts Medical School is primarily grant-supported (NICHD, MCHB, AIDD, Ruderman Foundation).

Linmarie Sikich has received grant support from NIMN (Multi-site Grant - IMPACT- focused on reducing antipsychotic associated weight gain in children).

Linda Bandini’s position at University of Massachusetts Medical School is primarily grant supported. She has received honoraria for grant reviews for NIH.

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

ᅟ

Conflict of Interest

Aviva Must is employed by Tufts University, and has received honoraria from the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Carol Curtin has been a consultant for Praxis Inc. Her primary employer is University of Massachusetts Medical School. She has received royalties from CreateSpace Self-Publishing through Amazon.com for a nutrition education curriculum for youth with intellectual disabilities. She is on a grant review panel for ACF/ADD.

Kristie Hubbard declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Linmarie Sikich has participated in industry-sponsored trials of aripiprazole efficacy in adolescent schizophrenia with Otsuka Pharmaceuticals; she has participated in industry-sponsored trials of aripiprazole efficacy in irritability in children with autism with Bristol-Myers Squibb; and she has participated in industry sponsored trials of aripiprazole efficacy in irritability in children with autism with Sunovion.

James Bedford declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Linda Bandini has been a consultant on a SBIR grant (no payment to date); subcontract with a grant to UAB. She is employed by University of Massachusetts Medical School and Boston University. She has received royalties from CreateSpace Self-Publishing through Amazon.com for a nutrition education curriculum for youth with intellectual disabilities. Travel covered by grant to UAB. Other travel to study section was reimbursed to her.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA

    Aviva Must

  2. Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 465 Medford Street, Suite 500, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA

    Carol Curtin & Linda Bandini

  3. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 75 Kneeland Street, 8th Floor, Boston, MA, 02111, USA

    Kristie Hubbard

  4. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7167 UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7167, USA

    Linmarie Sikich

  5. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7160 UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7160, USA

    James Bedford

  6. Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Linda Bandini

Authors
  1. Aviva Must
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carol Curtin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kristie Hubbard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Linmarie Sikich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. James Bedford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Linda Bandini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aviva Must.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Must, A., Curtin, C., Hubbard, K. et al. Obesity Prevention for Children with Developmental Disabilities. Curr Obes Rep 3, 156–170 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-014-0098-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-014-0098-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation