Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Psychosocial Factors of Overtime Work in Relation to Work-Nonwork Balance: a Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of Nurses Working in Hospitals

  • Published:
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Few studies have investigated the impact of psychosocial factors on overwork and employee well-being while taking into account the complex relationships between such factors and the effect of workplace. The present study aimed to examine the association between psychosocial factors of overtime work and work-nonwork balance using a multilevel structural equation modeling (SEM) technique.

Methods

A survey was conducted among nurses working in three hospitals (n = 603) in Japan. After confirming the constructs of the factors by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA), a multilevel SEM was conducted to investigate the direct and indirect effects of involuntary and voluntary overtime work on work-nonwork balance at both individual and workplace levels.

Results

Both involuntary and voluntary overtime work factors were further differentiated into two factors (four factors in total). Involuntary overtime work directly decreased work-nonwork balance on both levels; voluntary overtime work had a direct positive effect. However, voluntary overtime work had a negative indirect effect on work-nonwork balance satisfaction.

Conclusions

The use of multilevel SEM techniques to evaluate the association of clinical factors with work-nonwork balance demonstrated that involuntary overtime work has a negative effect on work-nonwork balance and voluntary overtime work had a positive direct effect but a negative indirect effect.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Carlson D, Kacmar K, Williams L. Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict. J Vocat Behav. 2000;56:249–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Greenhaus J, Collins K, Shaw J. The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. J Vocat Behav. 2003;63:510–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Netemeyer RG, Boles JS, McMurrian R. Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales. J Appl Psychol. 1996;81:400–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Geurts S, Taris T, Kompier M, Dikkers J, Van Hooff M, Kinnunen U. Work-home interaction from a work psychological perspective: development and validation of a new questionnaire, the SWING. Work Stress. 2005;19:319–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Greenhaus J, Beutell N. Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Acad Manage Rev. 1985;10:76–88.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Chang A, McDonald P, Burton P. Methodological choices in work-life balance research 1987 to 2006: a critical review. Int J Hum Resour Man. 2010;21:2381–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Reiter N. Work life balance: what DO you mean? The ethical ideology underpinning appropriate application. J Appl Behav Sci. 2007;43:273–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Lewis J, Campbell M. What's in a name? ‘Work and family’ or ‘work and life’ balance policies in the UK since 1997 and the implications for the pursuit of gender equality. Soc Policy Admin. 2008;42:524–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Allen TD, Herst DEL, Bruck CS, Sutton M. Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: a review and agenda for future research. J Occup Health Psychol. 2000;5:278–308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Byron K. A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents. J Vocat Behav. 2005;67:169–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Eby L, Casper W, Lockwood A, Bordeaux C, Brinley A. Work and family research in IO/OB: content analysis and review of the literature (1980–2002). J Vocat Behav. 2005;66:124–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Casper WJ, Eby LT, Bordeaux C, Lockwood A, Lambert D. A review of research methods in IO/OB work-family research. J Appl Psychol. 2007;92:28–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Amstad FT, Meier LL, Fasel U, Elfering A, Semmer NK. A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. J Occup Health Psychol. 2011;16:151–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Jansen A, Kant I, Kristensen T, Nijhuis F. Antecedents and consequences of work-family conflict: a prospective cohort study. J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45:479–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lunau T, Bambra C, Eikemo TA, van der Wel KA, Dragano N. A balancing act? Work-life balance, health and well-being in European welfare states. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24:422–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Frone MR. Work–family conflict and employee psychiatric disorders: the national comorbidity survey. J Appl Psychol. 2000;85:888–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Fuss I, Nuebling M, Hasselhorn H, Schwappach D, Rieger MA. Working conditions and work-family conflict in German hospital physicians: psychosocial and organisational predictors and consequences. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:353.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Shimazu A, Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Peeters MCW. Work-family conflict in Japan: how job and home demands affect psychological distress. Ind Health. 2010;48:766–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Shimada K, Shimazu A, Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Kawakami N. Work-family spillover among Japanese dual-earner couples: a large community-based study. J Occup Health. 2010;52:335–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chiang FFT, Birtch TA, Kwan HK. The moderating roles of job control and work-life balance practices on employee stress in the hotel and catering industry. Int J Hosp Manag. 2010;29:25–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Schieman S, Glavin P. Education and work-family conflict: explanations, contingencies and mental health consequences. Soc Forces. 2011;89:1341–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhang M, Griffeth RW, Fried DD. Work-family conflict and individual consequences. J Manage Psych ol. 2012;27:696–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Haar JM. Testing a new measure of work-life balance: a study of parent and non-parent employees from New Zealand. Int J Hum Resour Man. 2013;24:3305–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Shimazu A, Kubota K, Bakker A, Demerouti E, Shimada K, Kawakami N. Work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict among Japanese dual-earner couples with preschool children: a spillover-crossover perspective. J Occup Health. 2013;55:234–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Haar JM, Russo M, Sune A, Ollier-Malaterre A. Outcomes of work-life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: a study across seven cultures. J Vocat Behav. 2014;85:361–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hanson LLM, Leineweber C, Chungkham HS, Westerlund H. Work-home interference and its prospective relation to major depression and treatment with antidepressants. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2014;40:66–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Frone MR, Russel M, Cooper ML. Relation of work + family conflict to health outcomes: a four-year longitudinal study of employed parents. J Occup Organ Psych. 1997;70:325–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. van Hooff M, Geurts S, Taris T, et al. Disentangling the causal relationships between work-home interference and employee health. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2005;31:15–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Leineweber C, Baltzer M, Hanson LLM, Westerlund H. Work-family conflict and health in Swedish working women and men: a 2-year prospective analysis (the SLOSH study). Eur J Public Health. 2013;23:710–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Geurts SAE, Beckers DGJ, Taris TW, Kompier MAJ, Smulders PGW. Worktime demands and work-family interference: does worktime control buffer the adverse effects of high demands? J Bus Ethics. 2009;84:229–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Beckers DGJ. van dL, Smulders PGW, Kompier MAJ, Taris TW, Geurts SAE. Voluntary or involuntary? Control over overtime and rewards for overtime in relation to fatigue and work satisfaction. Work Stress. 2008;22:33–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Beckers DGJ, van der Linden D, Smulders PGW, Kompier MAJ, van Veldhoven MJPM, van Yperen NW. Working overtime hours: relations with fatigue, work motivation, and the quality of work. J Occup Environ Med. 2004;46:1282–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kompier MAJ. New systems of work organization and workers' health. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006;32:421–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Golden L, Wiens-Tuers B. To your happiness? Extra hours of labor supply and worker well-being. The J of socio-economics. J Socio Econ. 2006;35:382–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Golden L, Wiens-Tuers B. Mandatory overtime work in the United States: who, where, and what? Labor Studies J. 2005;30:1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Tucker P, Rutherford C. Moderators of the relationship between long work hours and health. J Occup Health Psychol. 2005;10:465–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Nijp HH, MSc, Beckers DGJ, Geurts SAE, Tucker P, Kompier MAJ. Systematic review on the association between employee worktime control and work-non-work balance, health and well-being, and job-related outcomes. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2012;38:299–313

  38. van der Hulst M, Geurts S. Associations between overtime and psychological health in high and low reward jobs. Work Stress. 2001;15:227–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Ala-Mursala L, Vahtera J, Kivimaki M, Kevin M, Pentti J. Employee control over working times: associations with subjective health and sickness absences. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56:272–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Tsuru K. Rodojikankaikaku: tyokanzutoshitenositen. In: Tsuru K, Misumachi Y, editors. Rodojikankaikaku: Nihonnohatarakikatawoikanikaeruka. Tokyo: Nihonhyoronsha; 2010. p. 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Albertsen K, Rafnsdottir GL, Grimsmo A, Tomasson K, Kauppinen K. Workhours and worklife balance. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008;14–21.

  42. Violanti JM, Burchfiel CM, Hartley TA, et al. Atypical work hours and metabolic syndrome among police officers. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2009;64:194–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Grosswald B. The effects of shift work on family satisfaction. Families SocJ Contemp Hum Serv. 2004;85:413–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Caplan R, Jones K. Effects of work load, role ambiguity, and type-a personality on anxiety, depression, and heart-rate. J Appl Psychol. 1975;60:713–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hackman JR. Group influences on individuals. In: Dunnette M, editor. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally; 1976. p. 1455–525.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Diez-Roux AV. Multilevel analysis in public health research. Annu Rev Public Health. 2000;21:171–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Preacher KJ, Zyphur MJ, Zhang Z. A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychol Methods. 2010;15:209–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Muthe’n LK, Muthe’n B. Mplus User’s Guide Ver7. Los Angeles. 1998.

  49. Schmitt TA. Current methodological considerations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. J Psychoedu Assess. 2011;29:304–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model. 1999;6:1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Trinkoff AM, Le R, Geiger-Brown J, Lipscomb J, Lang G. Longitudinal relationship of work hours, mandatory overtime, and on-call to musculoskeletal problems in nurses. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49:964–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. de Castro AB, Fujishiro K, Rue T, Tagalog EA, Samaco-Paquiz LPG, Gee GC. Associations between work schedule characteristics and occupational injury and illness. Int Nurs Rev. 2010;57:188–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Murray EJ. Motivation and emotion. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall; 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Olds DM, Clarke SP. The effect of work hours on adverse events and errors in health care. J Saf Res. 2010;41:153–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Triandis HC. Individualism & collectivism. Boulder: Westview Press; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors greatly appreciate all persons who engaged in our questionnaire survey.

Author Contributions

Mayumi Watanabe designed the study, developed the methodology, collected the data, performed the analysis, and wrote the manuscript. Keita Yamauchi designed the study and modified the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Tōkyō, Japan

    Mayumi Watanabe & Keita Yamauchi

  2. 4411 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0883, Japan

    Mayumi Watanabe

Authors
  1. Mayumi Watanabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Keita Yamauchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mayumi Watanabe.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Mayumi Watanabe and Keita Yamauchi declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical Approval

We conformed to the Helsinki Declaration concerning human rights and informed consent, and we followed correct procedures concerning treatment of humans in research. The whole procedure was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Health Management, the University of Keio.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Watanabe, M., Yamauchi, K. Psychosocial Factors of Overtime Work in Relation to Work-Nonwork Balance: a Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of Nurses Working in Hospitals. Int.J. Behav. Med. 23, 492–500 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-016-9563-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-016-9563-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation