Abstract
In silicon, the presence of two photon absorption (TPA) and the generated free carriers can strongly perturb any Kerr-related nonlinear performance. Special consideration about the geometry and applied input power is needed to reduce undesirable free carrier effects (FCE). In our study, a plasmonic photonic crystal structure consisting of a central metal-coated silicon nanowire is proposed. The photonic crystal cladding and plasmonic nature of the guided modes provide the efficient wave propagation in the subwavelength core radius size of 150 nm, well beyond the diffraction limit at λ = 1.55 μm. Considerable increase of the threshold powers (approximate increment of 42d B W and 12d B W for the free carrier absorption and dispersion threshold powers at r S i = 500 nm) for the observation of FCE is a distinguished feature of the proposed structure which guarantee the safe launch of high input powers for full development of Kerr-based phenomena. An excellent agreement between the numerical solution of the nonlinear schrödinger equation and the calculated threshold powers confirms the obtained results. The proposed structure has potential applications in the areas regarding the Kerr-related nonlinear performance especially with relative high powers utility.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tong L, Lou J, Mazur E (2004) Single-mode guiding properties of subwavelength-diameter silica and silicon wire waveguides. Opt Express 12:1025–1035
Hu M, Wang C, Li YZW, Chai L, Zheltikov A (2004) Multiplex frequency conversion of unamplified 30-fs ti: sapphire laser pulses by an array of waveguiding wires in a random-hole microstructure fiber. Opt Express 12:6129–6134
Leon-Saval SG, Birks TA, Wadsworth WJ, Russell PS, Mason MW (2004) Supercontinuum generation in submicron fibre waveguides. Opt Express 12:2864–2869
Grillet C, Smith C, Freeman D, Madden S, Luther-Davies B, Magi EC, Moss DJ, Eggleton BJ (2006) Efficient coupling to chalcogenide glass photonic crystal waveguides via silica optical fiber nanowires. Opt Express 14:1070–1078
Foresi JS, Villeneuve PR, Ferrera J, Thoen ER, Steinmeyer G, Joannopoulos S FJD, Kimerling LC, Smith HI, Ippen EP (1997) Photonic-bandgap microcavities in opticalwaveguides. Nature 390:143–145
Jalali B, Paniccia M, Reed G (2006) Silicon photonics. IEEE Microw Mag 6:58–68
Gunasundari E, Senthilnathan K, Sivabalan S, Abobaker AM, Nakkeeran K, Babu PR (2014) Waveguiding properties of a silicon nanowire embedded photonic crystal fiber. Opt Mater 36:958–964
Biancalana F, Tran TX, Stark S, Schmidt MA, Russell PSJ (2010) Emergence of geometrical optical nonlinearities in photonic crystal fiber nanowires. Phys Rev Lett 105:093,904
Lal S, Link S, Halas NJ (2007) Nano-optics from sensing to waveguiding. Nat Photonics 1:641
Hwang Y, Hwang MS, Lee WW, Park WI, Park HG (2013) Metal-coated silicon nanowire plasmonic waveguides. Appl Phys Express 6:042,502
Bogaerts W, Baets R, Dumon P, Wiaux V, Beckx S, Taillaert D, Campenhout Luyssaert J Band Van, Bienstman P, Van Thourhout D (2005) Nanophotonic waveguides in silicon-on-insulator fabricated with cmos technology. IEEE Lightwave Technol 23:401–412
Foster MA, Turner AC, Lipson M, Gaeta AL (2008) Nonlinear optics in photonic nanowires. Opt Express 16:1300–1320
Grillet C, Carletti L, Monat C, Grosse P, Bakir BB, Menezo S, Fedeli JM, Moss DJ (2012) Amorphous silicon nanowires combining high nonlinearity, fom and optical stability. Opt Express 20:22,609–22,615
Daniel BA, Agrawal GP (2010) Vectorial nonlinear propagation in silicon nanowire waveguides: polarization effects. J Opt Soc Am B 27:956–965
Foster M, Gaeta A, Cao Q, Trebino R (2005) Soliton-effect compression of supercontinuum to few-cycle durations in photonic nanowires. Opt Express 13:6848–6855
Hsieh IW, Chen X, Liu X, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Chou CY, Xia F, Green WM, Vlasov YA, Osgood RM (2007) Supercontinuum generation in silicon photonic wires. Opt Express 15:15,242–15,243
Blanco-Redondo A, Husko C, Eades D, Zhang Y, Li J, Krauss T, Eggleton B (2014) Observation of soliton compression in silicon photonic crystals. Nat Commun 5:1–8. doi:10.1038/ncomms4160
Yin L, Agrawal GP (2007) Impact of two-photon absorption on self-phase modulation in silicon waveguides. Opt Lett 32:2031–2033
Rukhlenko ID, Premaratne M, Agrawal GP (2010) Nonlinear propagation in silicon-based plasmonic waveguides from thestandpoint of applications. Opt Express 19:206–217
Pitilakis A, Kriezis EE (2013) Highly nonlinear hybrid silicon-plasmonic waveguides: analysis and optimization. J Opt Soc Am B 30:1954–1965
Afshar SV, Monro TM (2009) A full vectorial model for pulse propagation in emerging waveguides with subwavelength structures part i: Kerr nonlinearity. Opt Express 17:2298–2318
Soref RA, Bennett BR (1987) Electrooptical effects in silicon. IEEE J Quantum Electron 23:123–129
Lin Q, Painter OJ, Agrawal GP (2007) Nonlinear optical phenomena in silicon waveguides: Modeling and applications. Opt Express 15:16,604
Zhang J, Lin Q, Piredda G, Boyd RW, Agrawal GP, Fauchet PM (2007) Anisotropic nonlinear response of silicon in the near-infrared region. Appl Phys Lett 91:071,113
Monat C, Corcoran B, Ebnali-Heidari M, Grillet C, Eggleton BJ, White TP, O’Faolain L, Krauss TF (2009) Slow light enhancement of nonlinear effects in silicon engineered photonic crystal waveguides. Opt express 17:2944–2953
Osgood RMJ, Panoiu NC, Dadap JI, Liu X, Chen X, Hsieh I, Dulkeith E, Green WM, Vlasov YA (2009) Engineering nonlinearities in nanoscale optical systems: physics and applications in dispersion-engineered silicon nanophotonic wires. Adv Opt Photon 1:162–235
Agrawal GP (2001) Nonlinear fiber optics. Academic Press
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sadeghi, M., Ahmadi, V. & Ebnali-Heidari, M. Metal-Coated Silicon Nanowire Embedded Plasmonic Photonic Crystal Fiber: Kerr Nonlinearity and Two-Photon Absorption. Plasmonics 12, 819–827 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-016-0329-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-016-0329-8