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Genetic containment of forest plantations

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Abstract

Dispersal of pollen, seeds, or vegetative propagules from intensively bred, exotic, or recombinant DNA modified forest plantations may cause detrimental or beneficial ecological impacts on wild or managed ecosystems. Insertion of genes designed to prevent or substantially reduce dispersal could reduce the risk and extent of undesired impacts. Containment measures may also be required by law or marketplace constraints, regardless of risks or benefits. We discuss: (1) the context for when genetic containment or mitigation systems may be needed; (2) technology approaches and mechanisms; (3) the state of knowledge on genes/genomics of sexual reproduction in forest trees; (4) stability of transgene expression during vegetative growth; (5) simulation studies to define the level of containment needed; and (6) needed research to deliver effective containment technologies. We illustrate progress with several examples from our research on recombinant DNA modified poplars. Our simulations show that even partial sterility can provide very substantial reductions in gene flow into wild trees. We conclude that it is impossible to define the most effective containment approaches, nor their reliability, based on current genomic knowledge and technological tools. Additional genomic and technological studies of a wide variety of options are needed. Studies in field environments are essential to provide data relevant to ecological analysis and regulatory decisions and need to be carried out in phylogenetically diverse representatives of the economically most important taxa of forest trees.

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Notes

  1. GE or genetically engineered, genetically modified, or transgenic organisms, as used in the paper, are defined as those which have been modified using recombinant DNA and asexual gene transfer methods—regardless of the source of the DNA employed.

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Acknowledgments

G. Slavov provided helpful comments on the manuscript. We thank industrial members of the Tree Biosafety and Genomics Research Cooperative (formerly the Tree Genetic Engineering Research Cooperative) and the associated National Science Foundation Industry/University Center for Tree Genetics (NSF #9980423) for their support over the years. We also thank, for their grant support, the USA Department of Energy Agenda 2020 program (DE -FC07097ID13552), the USDA Biotechnology Risk Assessment Competitive grants program (Nos. 2004-39210-15196 and 2003-33120-13964), USDA ARS (No. 58-1230-3-172), USDA-CSREES (No. 2002-35301-12173), NSF-PGRP (No. 0501890), and the Consortium for Biotechnology Research (No. GO12026-157).

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  1. Hao Wei

    Present address: Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 538 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-7304, USA

  2. Rozi Mohamed

    Present address: Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 304 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0324, USA

    Amy M. Brunner

  2. Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5752, USA

    Jingyi Li, Olga Shevchenko, Brooke E. Montgomery, Rozi Mohamed, Hao Wei, Cathleen Ma, Ani Anna Elias, Katherine VanWormer & Steven H. Strauss

  3. Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6057, USA

    Stephen P. DiFazio

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Communicated by Ronald Sederoff

A.M. Brunner and S.H. Strauss contributed equally to this paper.

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Brunner, A.M., Li, J., DiFazio, S.P. et al. Genetic containment of forest plantations. Tree Genetics & Genomes 3, 75–100 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-006-0067-8

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