Abstract
There have been no surveys of the cattle population for brucellosis in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) for more than 15 years. This study used disease surveillance as a capacity building training tool and to examine some of the constraints that impede surveillance in PICTs. The study also developed and implemented a series of surveys for detecting antibodies to B. abortus in cattle in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands contributing to OIE requirements. The findings indicated lack of funds, lack of technical capacity, shortage of veterinarians, high turnover of in-country officials and lack of awareness on the impacts of animal diseases on public health that were constraining active disease surveillance. During the development and implementation of the surveys, constraints highlighted were outdated census data on farm numbers and cattle population, lack of funds for mobilisation of officials to carry out the surveys, lack of equipment for collecting and processing samples, lack of staff knowledge on blood sampling, geographical difficulties and security in accessing farms. Some of the reasons why these were constraints are discussed with likely solutions presented. The detection surveys had the objectives of building capacity for the country officials and demonstrating freedom from brucellosis in cattle for PNG, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. PNG, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands all demonstrated freedom from bovine brucellosis in the areas surveyed using the indirect ELISA test. Fiji had an outbreak of brucellosis, and the objective was to determine its distribution and prevalence on untested farms. The Muaniweni district surveyed during the training had a 95 % confidence interval for true prevalence between 1.66 and 5.45 %. The study showed that active disease surveillance could be used as a tool for training officials thus, improves surveillance capacity in resource poor countries.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the following people for their collaboration and assistance: Mr Tomasi Tunabuna (Deputy Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture) in Fiji and Dr Leo Borja (Senior Veterinary Officer) of the Animal Health and Production Division in Fiji. Mr Andrew Yamanea (Managing Director), Dr Nime Kapo (Chief Veterinary Officer), Mr Andy Yombo (Senior Epidemiologist) and Dr Peter Wai’in (Laboratory Manager) in Kila Kila, all of the National Agricultural Inspection Authority in Papua New Guinea. Mr Lonny Bong (Director Livestock), Mr Nambo Moses (Senior Livestock Officer), Mr Alain Kutoslowo (Livestock Officer), Dr Peter Hoyle (Senior Veterinary Officer, Santo), Dr Roger Phillip (Senior Veterinary Officer, Port Vila) of the Livestock Department in Vanuatu. Mr Barney Keqa (Director Livestock), Mr Hearly Atapule (Deputy Director Livestock), Dr Emma Rooke (Chief Veterinary Officer) of the Livestock Department in the Solomon Islands. The authors also thank Professor Jeffrey Warner (College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia) for his role in the project which enabled the development of the study and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, i.e. the Animal Health and Production team advisor, Dr Ken Cokanasiga for the support provided to the project. Finally, the authors also thank the Australian Aid program (AusAid agreement no. 57668) for approving and supporting the research technically and financially.
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Consideration for animal and human ethics was incorporated in the questionnaires for the surveys using the James Cook University policy guidelines. Ethical approval to carry out the study was obtained from the human and animal ethics committees at the university (approval reference: A1740).
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Tukana, A., Hedlefs, R. & Gummow, B. Brucella abortus surveillance of cattle in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands and a case for active disease surveillance as a training tool. Trop Anim Health Prod 48, 1471–1481 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1120-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1120-8