Abstract
Under-representation of racial/ethnic minority counselors has been an ongoing issue in the genetic counseling field. A better understanding of genetic counseling awareness and career consideration may help to increase the number of applicants to genetic counseling training programs from racial/ethnic minorities. This study sampled high school and college students (n = 233) to examine their awareness and perceptions of genetic counseling. Ethnicity, gender, parental level of education, and interest in biology were significant predictors of a subject’s genetic counseling awareness; previous awareness of genetic counseling, interest in psychology, and level of education were significant predictors of whether a subject would consider genetic counseling as a career. The findings suggest that knowledge of genetic counseling is lower among racial/ethnic minorities, but that racial/ethnic minorities are just as likely to consider genetic counseling as a career. Awareness of genetic counseling prior to university education may increase racial/ethnic minority representation among potential applicants to genetic counseling training programs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arbona, C. (1989). Hispanic employment and the Holland typology of work. Career Dev Quarterly, 37, 257–268.
Arbona, C. (1995). Theory and research on racial and ethnic minorities: Hispanic Americans. In F. T. L. Leong (Ed.), Career Development and Vocational Behavior of Racial and Ethnic Minorities (pp. 37–66). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bowman, S. L. (1995). Career intervention strategies and assessment issues for African Americans. In F. T. L. Leong (Ed.), Career Development and Vocational Behavior of Racial and Ethnic Minorities (pp. 137–164). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Brown, M. T. (1995). The career development of African Americans: Theoretical and empirical issues. In F. T. L. Leong (Ed.), Career Development and Vocational Behavior of Racial and Ethnic Minorities (pp. 7–36). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Buerhaus, P. I., & Auerbach, D. (1999). Slow growth in the United States of the number of minorities in the RN workforce. Image—J Nurs Scholarsh, 31(2), 179–183.
Carroll, C. D. (1989). College Persistence and Degree Attainment for 1980 High School Graduates: Hazards for Transfers, Stopouts, and Part-timers. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
CORN (1994). Minimum Data Set Report: 1994. A Report on Genetic Services. Atlanta, GA: Council of Regional Networks for Genetic Services.
Fouad, N. A. (1995). Career behavior of Hispanics: Assessment and career intervention. In F. T. L. Leong (Ed.), Career Development and Vocational Behavior of Racial and Ethnic Minorities (pp. 165–279). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Guzman, L. P. (1991). Incorporating cultural diversity into psychology training programs. In H. F. Myers, P. Wohlford, L. P. Guzman, R. J. Echemendia (Eds.), Ethnic Minority Perspectives on Clinical Training and Services in Psychology (pp. 67–70). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Hardin, E. E., Leong, F. T. L., & Osipow, S. H. (2001). Cultural relativity in the conceptualization of career maturity. J Vocational Behav, 58, 36–52.
Jones, J. H. (1993). Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York: The Free Press.
Keith, S. N., Bell, R. M., Swanson, A. G., & Williams, A. P. (1985). Effects of affirmative action in medical school: A study of the class of 1975. N Engl J Med, 313, 1519–1525.
Komaromy, M., Grumbach, K., Drake, M., Vranizan, K., Lurie, N., Keane, D. et al. (1996). The role of black and Hispanic physicians in providing health care for underserved populations. N Engl J Med, 334, 1305–1310.
Leung, S. A. (1995). Career development and counseling: A multicultural perspective. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of Multicultural Counseling (1st ed., pp. 549–566). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Mittman, I. S., & Secundy, M. G. (1998). A national dialogue on genetics and minority issues. Community Genet, 1, 190–200.
Mittman, I. S., Smith, S., & Dougherty, C. (1995). Encouraging diversity among genetic counselors. Perspect Genet Counsel, 17(3), S1–S7.
Morgan, F. B. (2001). Degrees and Other Awards conferred by Title IV Participating, Degree-granting Institutions: 1997–98. Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics. Available at: http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp? pubid = 2001177.
Moy, E., & Bartman, B. A. (1995). Physician race and care of minority and medically indigent patients. JAMA, 273(19), 1515-1520.
National Society of Genetic Counselors, Inc. (2002). Available at: http://www.nsgc.org.
Negy, C., & Woods, D. J. (1992). A note on the relationship between acculturation and socioeconomic status. His J Behav Sci, 14(2), 248–251.
Olney, R. S. (2001). Newborn screening for sickle cell disease: Public health impact and evaluation. In M. J. Khoury, W. Burke, & E. J. Thomson (Eds.), Genetics and Public Health in the 21st Century (pp. 431–446). New York: Oxford University Press.
Parrott, S., Clark, C., & Shannon, K. M. (2002). Professional status survey 2002. Available at: http://www.nsgc.org.
Peng, S. S., & Wright, D. (1994). Explanation of academic achievement of Asian American students. J Educ Res, 87, 346-352.
Punales-Morejon, D., & Rapp, R. (1993). Ethnocultural diversity and genetic counseling training: The challenge for a twenty-first century. J Genet Counsel, 2(3), 155–158.
Qian, Z., & Blair, S. L. (1999). Racial/ethnic differences in educational aspirations of high school seniors. Sociological Perspect, 42(94), 605–626.
Roach, J. O. (2001). Discriminating positively: Preferential acceptance of minorities may be good for society. West J Med, 175(4), 273.
Robson, C. (1993). Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers. New York: Blackwell.
Saha, S., Komaromy, M., Koepsell, T. D., & Bindman, A. B. (1999). Patient–physician racial concordance and the perceived quality and use of health care. Arch Intern Med, 159, 997–1004.
Smith, S. C., Steinberg-Warren, N., & Misra, L. (1993). Minority recruitment into the genetic counseling profession. J Genet Counsel, 2, 171–182.
Tang, M., Fouad, N. A., & Smith, P. L. (1999). Asian Americans’ career choices: A path model to examine factors influencing their career choices. J Vocational Behav, 54, 142–157.
Tanne, J. H. (1992). US strives to increase ethnic minorities in medicine. Brit Med J, 304(6837), 1266.
Uhlmann, W. (1992). Professional status survey 1992. Perspect Genet Couns, 14(2), S7–S10.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (2000). Available at: http://www. census.gov.
Wailoo, K. (2001). Dying in the City of the Blues: Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Wang, V. O. (1998). Curriculum evaluation and assessment of multicultural genetic counselor education. J Genet Counsel, 7(1), 87–111.
Warren, N. S., & Johnson, N. S. (1999). To diversify the profession, graduate genetic counseling programs need to increase the size of the minority applicant pool, not just try harder to recruit the ones who apply. J Genet Counsel, 8, 410.
Weil, J., & Mittman, I. (1993). A teaching framework for cross-cultural genetic counseling. J Genet Counsel, 2, 159–169.
Williams, C. L. (1995). The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in the “female” professions. In M. S. Kimmel & M. A. Messner (Eds.), Men’s Lives (3rd ed., pp. 193–207). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Wong, P., & Lai, C. F. (1998). Asian Americans as a model minority: Self-perceptions and perceptions by other racial groups. Sociological Perspect, 641(1), 95–119.
Xu, G., Fields, S. K., Laine, C., Veloski, J. J., Baransky, B., & Martini, C. J. (1997). The relationship between the race/ ethnicity of generalist physicians and their care for underserved populations. Am J Public Health, 87, 817–822.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oh, T., Lewis, L.J. Consideration of Genetic Counseling as a Career: Implications for Diversifying the Genetic Counseling Field. J Genet Counsel 14, 71–81 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-005-1501-z
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-005-1501-z