Abstract
The transient events of the α–β martensitic transformation in nanocrystalline Ti films were explored via single-shot electron diffraction patterns with 1.5 ns temporal resolution. The diffraction patterns were acquired with a newly constructed dynamic transmission electron microscope (DTEM), which combines nanosecond pulsed laser systems and pump-probe techniques with a conventional TEM. With the DTEM, the transient events of fundamental material processes can be captured in the form of electron diffraction patterns or images with nanosecond temporal resolution. The transient phenomena of the martensitic transformations in nanocrystalline Ti is ideally suited for study in the DTEM, with their rapid nucleation, characteristic interface velocities ∼1 km/s, and significant irreversible microstructural changes. Free-standing 40-nm-thick Ti films were laser-heated at a rate of ∼1010 K/s to a temperature above the 1155 K transition point, then probed at various time intervals with a 1.5-ns-long, intense electron pulse. Diffraction patterns show an almost complete transition to the β phase within 500 ns. Post-mortem analysis (after the sample is allowed to cool) shows a reversion to the α phase coupled with substantial grain growth, lath formation, and texture modification. The cooled material also shows a complete lack of apparent dislocations, suggesting the possible importance of a “massive” short-range diffusion transformation mechanism.
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Notes
Single-shot imaging requires 106–108 detected electrons per pulse, depending on the contrast formation mechanism and desired observation. In the present study, it is estimated that 5 × 107 e/pulse are needed for appropriate imaging.
The 1-D approach was used to reduce computing time and was assumed valid based on the argument that electron probe size is much smaller than incident laser spot size.
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Acknowledgements
This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48. I would like to thank Ben Pyke and Rich Shuttlesworth for their hard work and dedication in the design and construction of the DTEM.
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LaGrange, T., Campbell, G., Colvin, J. et al. Nanosecond time resolved electron diffraction studies of the α→β in pure Ti thin films using the dynamic transmission electron microscope (DTEM). J Mater Sci 41, 4440–4444 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0090-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0090-z